2023 年GRE 真题高频题汇总

（截止 2023 年 6 月，每月持续更新）


编写说明：从 2018 年真经 GRE 成立起，我们就一直保持追踪每次考试真题的

传统，并且会统计所有考题的考频。此资料包含 2021 年，2022 年和 2023 年全球各地（线下+线上考试）中 GRE 考试中所出现的高频题（在考试中多次考到过的题）。

本资料包含了填空、阅读、数学、写作全科高频题，且配备了全套答案＋解析。


刷高频题对学生来说有什么好处？

  1. 高频题更能代表 ETS 的出题规律和热门考点，所以刷高频题对提分是非常高效的。

  2. 高频题很有可能在考试中重复出现，所以考试中很可能遇见原题。


真经GRE 高频题的核心优势

  1. 严格追踪线上线下考试，每个题目都严格考证来源。每个回忆都有来自学生的微信题目细节回忆截图，再加上对应科目老师的校对，才能最终确定这个题是真正考过的。而不使用“我又命中了 X 个题目”“我百分之 X 的题目都是原题”这种模糊描述作为证据。


  2. 每个高频题都给出了考频指数星级。参考依据是：题目在考试中出现的频率

    （还结合了 2023 年以前的考频统计）。


  3. 题库范围小，是更高频的高频题。所有题目都是多次考察才能被选入此高频题题库。


  4. 统计数据新，仅统计近两年的考场考频。之后会严格保持每月更新一次。


<以下是部分学员回忆的截图，我们确保所有的高频题均有图可循>



郑重声明：

此资料每个月会定期更新一次，而且全部免费开放给所有考生。公众号会发布更新资料的消息，届时请直接找真经 GRE 学习规划师领取即可。


如何获取此资料的答案和解析？

去张巍老师 GRE 公众号的对话框中输入“2023 年 GRE 高频题答案”即可获取答案和解析。



常见问题：

1：线下考试和线上考试高频题是一样的吗？

一样的，线下考试和线上考试的题目是一样的，所以高频题也是一样的。


2：国内考试和国外考试高频题是一样的吗？

一样的，ETS 采用的是全球统一题库，所以无论你在哪个地方考试，高频题范围都是一样的。


3：我只做高频题可以吗？

不可以，此高频题固然是非常好的题目，更代表 ETS 的出题套路。但是同学们一定不要把考试高分寄托中命中原题上，毕竟命中原题都有很大的运气成分。分数最终还是实力的体现。所以掌握解题技巧，才是备考关键，一切以押题命中为目标的宣传都是不负责任的。


目录

第一部分 填空高频题 4

第二部分 阅读高频题 37

第三部分 数学高频题 94

第四部分 写作高频题 111

第一部分 填空高频题‌

  1. In their quest for kinder cutting, physicians increasingly rely on endoscopic surgery, replacing large scalpels and clamps with cameras and  tools that snake into the body through tiny holes.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    1. flexibility

    2. rigidity

    3. magnitude

    4. suppleness

    5. enormity

    6. precision

      考频指数：3 星


  2. Behavior dubbed reprehensible by the residents of the region is considered conventional, even  by those of the neighboring region; fortunately, people traveling between the two are resigned to this disparity.

    1. eccentric

    2. compulsory

    3. innovative

    4. unconscionable

    5. transparent

      考频指数：3 星


  3. In its literature and its political discourse, the nation has created various narratives about itself that tend to  intractable social divisions in the interest of perpetuating a dubious myth of unity. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    1. denounce

    2. obscure

    3. corroborate

    4. anatomize

    5. explicate

      考频指数：4 星


  4. Scientists said that cosmology was the field where the ratio of theory to data was (i)    : there was an abundance of theories, but almost no data. Recently, however, that ratio has flipped. A huge and ever-increasing amount of data has (ii) all theories but one.

    A. completely unknown

    D. eliminated

    B. nearly infinite

    E. supported

    C. always variable

    F. clarified

    考频指数：5 星


  5. History teaches us that science is not  enterprise; indeed, it is quite the opposite, a motley assortment of tools designed to safeguard researchers against their own biases.

    1. an opportunistic

    2. an anomalous

    3. a haphazard

    4. a collective

    5. a monolithic

      考频指数：4 星


  6. Vaccine denial has all the hallmarks of a belief system that is not (i)    . The notion that childhood vaccines are driving autism rates has been (ii) by multiple epidemiological studies. Yet the true believers are (iii)    , critiquing each new study that challenges their views, and rallying to the defense of disgraced researchers whose work was retracted.

    A. amenable to refutation

    D. resuscitated

    G. indignant

    B. susceptible to fashion

    E. documented

    H. persistent

    C. open to criticism

    F. upended

    I. phlegmatic

    考频指数：4 星


  7. Because the literary club often trumpeted itself as a sanctuary for temperate discussion, visitors were startled by the frequently  tone of its recent debates.

    1. blunt

    2. ingratiating

    3. acerbic

    4. unctuous

    5. vitriolic

    6. bombastic

      考频指数：5 星


  8. It is a paradox of the Victorians that they were both  and, through their empire, cosmopolitan.

    1. capricious

    2. insular

    3. mercenary

    4. idealistic

    5. intransigent

      考频指数：4 星


  9. Although Professor Pearson’s colleagues often complained that he was (i)    , his friends were quick to defend him from this charge of (ii)    .

    A. importunate

    D. inconstancy

    B. garrulous

    E. dishonest

    C. mercurial

    F. partiality

    考频指数：5 星


  10. While acknowledging behaviors the Prime Minster took in order to remain in office were (i)    , some politicians nevertheless believed this small amount of

    (ii) was justified to keep reforming government in office.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    A. unethical

    D. skullduggery

    B. impractical

    E. indolence

    C. quixotic

    F. incivility

    考频指数：4 星


  11. Scientist reported last month on a sign of relative solar     ; the solar wind, a rush of charged particles continually spewed from the Sun at a million miles an hour, had diminished to its lowest level in 50 years.

    1. quiescence

    2. turbulence

    3. isolation

    4. calm

    5. remoteness

    6. instability

      考频指数：4 星


  12. In Japanese aesthetics, especially but not only in Noh, beauty contains the idea of

       : beauty must have an air of evanescence, the intimation of its own demise.

    1. transience

    2. symmetry

    3. decay

    4. simplicity

    5. balance

    6. deterioration

      考频指数：4 星


  13. The author takes issue with the ideological blinders that have distorted much migration research, especially  modernization theorists and others for their untested assumptions of an immobile preindustrial past.

    1. undermining

    2. citing

    3. castigating

    4. chastising

    5. endorsing

    6. commending

      考频指数：5 星


      A. immersed in

      D. verisimilitude

      B. disdainful of

      E. objectivity

      C. unmoved by

      F. radicalism

  14. Each new generation of students grow up (i) the world of classical physics, with its mostly intuitive, billiard-ball causality; that is the everyday vantage from which we approach the alien world of quantum physics, which has for this reason never lost its air of (ii)    .【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


    考频指数：3 星


  15. Shirky argues that the Internet (i) the needs for hierarchical structures and the sluggish organizations that (ii) them: the Internet makes it possible to do things cheaply and efficiently on one’s own.

    A. delineates

    D. circumvent

    B. obviates

    E. perpetuate

    C. redoubles

    F. undervalue

    考频指数：3 星


  16. The writer’s assignment of the critic includes personal  such as jibes about his physical girth and style of delivery, and is not the better for it.

    1. aspersions

    2. commendations

    3. falsehoods

    4. fantasies

    5. whims

    6. slurs

      考频指数：4 星


  17. The anthropologist  the claim that the Neanderthal remains must represent an immediate family because they belong to the same mitochondrial lineage, noting that some chimpanzees with identical mitochondrial are not closely related.

    1. misapplied

    2. queried

    3. expanded

    4. substantiated

    5. surmised

      考频指数：4 星


  18. Despite the general  of Roman archaeological studies toward the major cities and their monuments, archaeology has contributed much to a better understanding of rural developments in Roman territory.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    1. openness

    2. indifference

    3. hostility

    4. animus

    5. bias

    6. orientation

      考频指数：4 星


  19. Recently released statistics on the prevalence of heart disease in the United States, while (i)    , nevertheless reflect a decline from heights reached in the 1960s, before health officials began publicly (ii) people to guard against heart disease.

    A. definitive

    D. entreating

    B. sobering

    E. defying

    C. implausible

    F. absolving

    考频指数：3 星


  20. Spiderwebs suspended on flexible supports  even in low airflow in patterns that are erratic, enhancing the probability of insect capture over a volume of space.

    1. stretch

    2. waver

    3. contract

    4. shrink

    5. oscillate

    6. attenuate

      考频指数：4 星


  21. Anne Carson’s book Noxis, very deliberately,  literary object—the opposite of an e-reader, which is designed to vanish in your palm as you read on a train.

    1. an evanescent

    2. a cumbersome

    3. an immutable

    4. an unwieldy

    5. an ephemeral

    6. a flexible

      考频指数：4 星


  22. Reviews written by music critic and composer Stephenson were hardly (i) : musicians who performed his music could count on sympathetic coverage, while those who ignored him were held to (ii) standards. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    A. disinterested

    D. exacting

    B. lucid

    E. minimal

    C. conventional

    F. accepted

    考频指数：3 星


  23. Laws protecting intellectual property are intended to stimulate creativity, yet some forms of creative work have never enjoyed legal protection—a situation that ought to be of great interest. If we see certain forms of creative endeavor (i) as a result of uncontrolled copying, we might decide to (ii) intellectual property law. Conversely, if unprotected creative work (iii) in the absence of legal rules against copying, we would do well to know how such flourishing is sustained.

    A. languishing

    D. jettison

    G. declines in originality

    B. proliferating

    E. extend

    H. manages to thrive

    C. diversifying

    F. relax

    I. openly invites imitation

    考频指数：5 星


  24. Analysis for the structural feather that were thought to  kinship between the two species prompted an investigation that dispelled that presumption and revealed that the two share a family history.

    1. signify

    2. underrate

    3. point to

    4. preclude

    5. rule out

    6. exaggerate

      考频指数：4 星


  25. Although the employees’ union and company management, entering into contract negotiations, both issued statements encouraging     , acrimony between the two sides continued unabated.

    1. pertinacity

    2. compromise

    3. patience

    4. civility

    5. comity

    6. steadfastness

      考频指数：4 星


  26. Some social insects, such as bees and ants, are celebrated for their industriousness and engineering feat, but popular culture has not generally  termites for theirs—even though they can build mounds twenty feet high.

    1. considered

    2. reprehended

    3. applauded

    4. deprecated

    5. exonerated

    6. extolled

      考频指数：4 星


  27. The benefits offered by information technology do not (i) the need for individual reasoning; for example, Internet user should not allow the reasoning process to be (ii) the mere accumulation raw data.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    A. disguise

    D. preceded by

    B. signal

    E. supplemented with

    C. diminish

    F. supplanted by

    考频指数：5 星


  28. The company suffers from an almost total lack of     : even the most innocuous communications between departments lend to devolve into acrimony.

    1. dissension

    2. variance

    3. comity

    4. conformity

    5. mordancy

      考频指数：3 星


  29. The description of Green’s scholarship as (i) is grossly misleading: while her research on interstellar particles is not especially novel, the conclusions she draws from her data are (ii)    .

    A. esoteric

    D. remarkably pioneering

    B. tendentious

    E. dubiously supported

    C. derivative

    F. strangely comforting

    考频指数：5 星


  30. The chocolate company's scientists hoped that once they had (i) the chemical makeup of cocoa beans, the knowledge would enable them to produce

    (ii)    the beans' taste, which could then be used to (iii)    future failures in the cocoa bean supply.

    Blank (i)

    Blank (ii)

    Blank(iii)

    A. altered

    D. subtle transformations in

    G. prevent

    B. unlocked

    E. accurate descriptions of

    H. mitigate

    C. activated

    F. a synthetic replication of

    I. restrict

    考频指数：4 星


  31. “RESIGNATION”, an English word the French novelist Christian Oster would no doubt appreciate, presents an elegant paradox: in one sense, it indicated a bold step, a cleaving of oneself from an attachment grown onerous; in another, it’s the height of

      , an acquiescence to fate.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    1. sham

    2. fissure

    3. desperation

    4. passivity

    5. maturity

      考频指数：5 星


  32. Throughout much of the twentieth century, common scientific sense seemed to dictate that animals could not make a choice based on rational or aesthetic criteria. Such choices were (i) the mental capacity of humans. Scientists who (ii) this animal-human cognitive division were often accused of anthropomorphism.

    A. reserved for

    D. accepted

    B. inconsistent with

    E. transgressed

    C. similar to

    F. exacerbated

    考频指数：5 星


  33. Psychologists note that in making purchase decisions, consumers often unconsciously use mental shortcuts, such as familiarity with a brand name to (i) routine problems efficiently. Thus, part of what companies aim for developing a brand is very specifically to (ii) consumers’ conscious thought.

    A. identify

    D. amplify

    B. resolve

    E. ascertain

    C. postpone

    F. circumvent

    考频指数：3 星


  34. Despite having only recently learned to walk, toddlers make the most (i) dance students. Their joy in movement is so pure, so complete, and so (ii)    .

    A. skilled

    D. futile

    B. inattentive

    E. irrelevant

    C. delightful

    F. contagious

    考频指数：4 星


  35. Studies of hermaphroditic plants may exhibit sampling bias against self-fertilizing and cross-fertilizing species, thus inflating the frequency of species using a mixed mating system (both self-fertilizing and cross-fertilizing); nevertheless the number of mixed-system species is not     .

    1. self-evident

    2. static

    3. trivial

    4. relevant

    5. calculable

      考频指数：4 星


  36. Changes made to ecosystem in order to achieve a goal, such as food production or flood control, often  significant unforeseen trade-offs between other important products and service the ecosystems provide.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    1. predict

    2. delay

    3. foretell

    4. obscure

    5. yield

    6. engender

      考频指数：5 星


  37. Historian Barbara Alpern Engel’s task in writing a book about women in Russia must have been a (i) one, because the (ii) the Russian empire’s peoples meant that Russian women could never be treated as a homogeneous group.

    A. motivating

    D. unity among

    B. boring

    E. disinterest in

    C. daunting

    F. diversity of

    考频指数：5 星


  38. It is only recently that emotion has attracted any substantial scholar attention, with historians lagging behind anthropologists, sociologists, and philosophers in their willingness to (i) emotion as subject worthy of scholarly attention. In the past, scholars viewed emotion as a natural and essential force that (ii) analysis—a strictly private matte—and therefore (iii) social life and the stuff of research.

    A. recognize

    D. enlivened

    G. requisite for

    B. overlook

    E. defied

    H. extraneous to

    C. repudiate

    F. sustained

    I. synonymous with

    考频指数：4 星


  39. In modern times, friendship has become a  relationship: a form of connection in terms of which all are understood and against which all are measured.

    1. conciliatory

    2. mercenary

    3. paradigmatic

    4. contentious

    5. supplementary

      考频指数：5 星


  40. Rocks of the Morrison Formation in the western United States yield many dinosaur fossils but few plant fossils. This apparent (i) of plants leads some scientists to speculate that the region was once mostly barren. But others have

    (ii)     , noting that the herbivorous dinosaurs there would have needed an abundant food supply.

    Blank (i)

    Blank (ii)

    A. attrition

    D. abdicated

    B. dearth

    E. acceded

    C. attenuation

    F. demurred

    考频指数：4 星


  41. The historical study of pregnancy and childbearing began fairly recently and has been hindered by the relative  of records concerning these particular experiences.

    1. pertinence

    2. dearth

    3. paucity

    4. ambiguity

    5. expediency

    6. applicability

      考频指数：4 星


  42. The  of biographies of antebellum capitalists is particularly striking in contrast with the abundance of life stories of industrialists in later eras.

    1. brevity

    2. banality

    3. utility

    4. paucity

    5. triteness

    6. dearth

      考频指数：4 星


  43. Some climatologists dismiss as (i) the debate among geophysicists over the

    role of carbon dioxide in global climate change across many millions of years. These climatologists say the evidence of a tie between carbon dioxide and planetary

    warming over the last few centuries is so (ii) that any longer-term evidence

    against such a link must somehow be (iii)    .【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    A. unavoidable

    D. unlikely

    G. tainted

    B. irrelevant

    E. controversial

    H. accommodated

    C. undecidable

    F. compelling

    I. reinforced

    考频指数：4 星


  44. To get funding and tenured positions, medical researchers have to get their work published in well-regarded journals, where rejection can climb above 90 percent. Not surprisingly, the studies that tend to make the grade are those that make (i) claims. But while coming up with such (ii) claims is relatively easy, getting the data to bear them out is another matter. When studied rigorously, the great majority of these claims (iii)    .

    A. well-supported

    D. practical

    G. yield contradictory evidence

    B. eye-catching

    E. orthodox

    H. require extensive analysis

    C. small-scale

    F. striking

    I. support conventional beliefs

    考频指数：5 星


  45. Noise suppression in phones can play an important role in making cellphone networks more efficient, since when sounds that are  to the meaningful signal are transmitted, precious network band width is wasted.

    1. unsuitable

    2. detrimental

    3. irrelevant

    4. confined

    5. limited

    6. extraneous

      考频指数：4 星


  46. In establishing that the dust she had observed constitutes two percent of the mass in the quadrant, the astronomer showed that the dust’s extreme visual prominence

       its relatively minor contribution to the total mass of the region.

    1. belies

    2. masks

    3. highlights

    4. nullifies

    5. disproves

    6. accentuates

      考频指数：4 星


  47. The book brings together many valuable reports on conservation projects, but with less variety than might have been wished: nearly half the contributions are from the same state, and consequently, the case studies are similarly  geographically.

    1. rudimentary

    2. interdependent

    3. interrelated

    4. complex

    5. heterogeneous

    6. dissimilar

      考频指数：5 星


  48. Due to the extraordinary circumstances, British business owners found themselves in a (i) position during the Second World War, forced to accept regular interference from government and to acquiesce to (ii) role for labor unions in negotiating the terms and conditions of employment.

    A. defensive

    D. a traditional

    B. dominant

    E. an enhanced

    C. customary

    F. a diminished

    考频指数：5 星


  49. Without seeming unworldly, William James appeared wholly removed from the

       of society, the conventionality of academy.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

    1. ethos

    2. idealism

    3. romance

    4. paradoxes

    5. commonplaces

      考频指数：4 星


  50. The company’s steering committee, reluctant to be held any specific commitments, released a strategic plan that was deliberately     .

    1. unpopular

    2. repetitive

    3. stringent

    4. inflexible

    5. nebulous

      考频指数：4 星


  51. There is no sense trying to rehabilitate the reputation of the mosquito; nobody loves such a creature. But it’s (i) to (ii) all 2,600 described species of mosquito when it’s just 80 or so—3 percent that drink human blood. Among those 2,520 relatively (iii) kinds of mosquitoes, there’s even one we’d like to see in greater numbers: Taxorhynchites, the mosquito that eats other mosquitoes.

    A. rare

    D. malign

    G. blameless

    B. necessary

    E. represent

    H. pernicious

    C. unfair

    F. commend

    I. valuable

    考频指数：5 星


  52. As a result of lacking a strong opposing organization to     , the chief focused their rancor on one another at the conference where the issues were put forward and intended to be resolved.

    1. immolate

    2. excoriate

    3. parley

    4. exterminate

    5. collaborate

      考频指数：3 星


  53. Meteorology is one of the few fields of applied science that demands prediction; since prediction involves considerable uncertainty and uncertainty is  scientists, meteorology will continue to exist in a fraught intellectual space.

    1. mysterious to

    2. anathema to

    3. discredited by

    4. pivotal for

    5. repellent to

    6. familiar to

      考频指数：4 星


      isonC54. To the avid reader of E.O. Wilson, much of his most recent booklience: The

      A. predictable

      D. purview

      B. discounted

      E. overreaching

      C. startling

      F. contingency

      Unity of Knowledge will be (i)    , as the book represents the culmination of a life spent thinking about everything from the social lives of ants to the social lives of people. Nonetheless, new thoughts have been mixed in with the old to produce a book remarkable for its (ii)    and ambition.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      考频指数：5 星


      1. Apparently, advanced tortoises evolved multiple times: the high-domed shells and columnar, elephantine feet of current forms are specializations for terrestrial life that evolved  on each continent.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        1. independently

        2. interchangeably

        3. paradoxically

        4. simultaneously

        5. symmetrically

          考频指数：4 星


      2. Traditional Vietnamese culture has long promoted the idea of gender equality. Founding myths (i) the equal division of labor in child care for mothers and fathers. As is often the case, however, theoretical commitments are (ii) actual processes. In reality, gender-based (iii) persists.

        A. obscure

        D. incommensurate with

        G. parity

        B. celebrate

        E. surpassed by

        H. inclusiveness

        C. countermand

        F. inspired by

        I. stratification

        考频指数：5 星


      3. Consolidating memory is not instantaneous or even     : every memory must be encoded and moved from short-term to long-term storage, and some of these memories are, for whatever reason, more vividly imprinted than others.

        1. salutary

        2. deliberate

        3. sequential

        4. momentary

        5. inevitable

          考频指数：5 星


      4. Research note that wolves’ otherwise strongly hierarchical society is marked by occasional displays of populist (i)    : if a pack leader proves a too-snappish tyrant, subordinate wolves will (ii) the top cur.

        A. umbrage

        D. collectively overthrow

        B. expiation

        E. eventually placate

        C. torpor

        F. quickly appraise

        考频指数：4 星


      5. The university’s once  department of economic history has lost prestige and transmogrified into a department of management and marketing.

        1. respected

        2. slighted

        3. pretentious

        4. gigantic

        5. venerable

        6. snubbed

          考频指数：4 星


      6. is valuable in science, even when a scientific idea is true, it can be misused through grandiosity.

        1. humility

        2. experimentation

        3. patience

        4. cooperation

        5. exposure

          考频指数：3 星


      7. Many of us remember a time when discovery and the thrill of learning were forces in our lives and were (i)    . Frequently that time happened in a great classroom somewhere, in the hands of the one (ii) teacher we can each remember.

        A. elusive

        D. consummate

        B. inconsequential

        E. truculent

        C. exciting

        F. superfluous

        考频指数：3 星


      8. Although collisions between the largest planetesimals in a planetesimal belt are

            , they can release large amounts of debris when they occur.

        1. risky

        2. exceptional

        3. irregular

        4. violent

        5. rare

        6. powerful

          考频指数：5 星


      9. Our contemporary preference for natural expression over artifice is (i) the traditional Western view that the skill with which you expressed a position corresponded closely to the credibility of your argument. Rhetorical styles might vary, but style itself was never a matter of (ii)    . And “style” was not just a well-turned sentence: poor expression, it was believed, (iii) poor thought.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        Blank (i)

        Blank (ii)

        Blank (iii)

        A. a departure from

        D. substance

        G. ameliorated

        B. a reflection on

        E. indifference

        H. elevated

        C. an endorsement of

        F. intention

        I. betrayed

        考频指数：4 星


      10. Consuming 25 to 35 percent of their body weight each day, sea otters are not only

           but highly specialized eaters, organizing themselves into groups that zero in on specific kinds of prey.

        1. prodigious

        2. undiscriminating

        3. fastidious

        4. picky

        5. voracious

        6. omnivorous

          考频指数：3 星


      11. British critics covering African American musicians performing in London in the 1910s had little idea how to distinguish what was authentic African American music from what was     , but they knew such a distinction existed.

        1. eclectic

        2. genuine

        3. derivative

        4. spurious

        5. legitimate

        6. specious

          考频指数：4 星


      12. Observers of modern presidential campaigns who (i) the highly (ii) productions that pass for campaigns these days do sometimes find reason for hope in the occasional mix-ups that (iii) candidates on the trail despite the presence of political strategist’s plotting every event with the tactical precision of military commanders.

        A. relish

        D. ambitious

        G. rattle

        B. misinterpret

        E. chaotic

        H. bolster

        C. despair over

        F. choreographed

        I. legitimate

        考频指数：4 星


      13. The (i) current-generation solar cells are (ii)    : although experimental cells have reached efficiencies greater than 40 percent, most commercially available cells in the early part of the twenty-first century still struggle to get past about 20 percent.

        A. attractions of

        D. clear

        B. limitations of

        E. unmatched

        C. improvements in

        F. misunderstood

        考频指数：5 星


      14. Readers had little reason to (i) what proved to be the rather uncanny (ii) of Kaja Silverman’s and bell hooks’s polemics, given the two authors’ contrary methodologies, interests, and audiences.

        A. distinguish

        D. convergence

        B. anticipate

        E. timeliness

        C. dispute

        F. dissonance

        考频指数：4 星


      15. For parents, the pleasure of letting children choose which book to read aloud together is not always     : I well remembered my inner groans when my child would constantly pick my least favorite book from the shelf.

        1. intangible

        2. enduring

        3. impalpable

        4. unalloyed

        5. ephemeral

        6. unqualified

          考频指数：5 星


      16. Although trains may use energy more (i) than do automobiles, the latter move only when they contain at least one occupant, whereas railway carriages spend a considerable amount of time running up and down the tracks (ii)    , or nearly so.

        A. lavishly

        D. vacant

        B. efficiently

        E. unimpeded

        C. routinely

        F. overlooked

        考频指数：4 星


      17. One of the peculiarities of humans is that we irrationally gravitate to the predictable and avoid risk, whatever the reasons for this     , it is hardly a sound basis for dealing with complex, long-term problems.

        1. eccentricity

        2. predilection

        3. vacillation

        4. proclivity

        5. wavering

        6. cowardice

          考频指数：3 星


      18. People frequently attempt to relieve their workplace frustrations via surreptitious comments around the water cooler but would be better able to resolve their resentment if they were less (i) about their problem and imitated a more

        (ii) dialogue. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        A. vexatious

        D. equitable

        B. clandestine

        E. sincere

        C. opportunistic

        F. open

        考频指数：3 星


      19. Sometimes the criteria that are used to categorize nation-states are purely factual: for example, the denotation of a state as a coastal state or an inland state. But most state labels have a predominantly (i) character. Labels such as failed state or democratic state tend to be accepted only by those who (ii) the assumptions that (iii) such a marker.

        A. pejorative

        D. share

        G. are necessarily distorted by

        B. functional

        E. flout

        H. constitute the basis of

        C. evaluative

        F. transcend

        I. rarely make reference to

        考频指数：3 星


      20. Britain’s deteriorating economy after 1945 was (i) by politicians who favored the manufacturing sector over the service sector: rather than attempting to (ii) the decline of manufacturing, they should have promoted service industries.

        A. mishandled

        D. augment

        B. bolstered

        E. arrest

        C. forestalled

        F. escalate

        考频指数：4 星


      21. It can be (i) to read Margaret Fuller’s travel writing, as she produced accounts of her travel that (ii) conventions of bourgeois travel narrative, often capitulating to the most well-worn clichés of the genre at precisely the moments when she sought most energetically to cast them off in favor of some new, more passionate mode of discernment.

        A. frustrating

        D. challenged

        B. enlightening

        E. conformed to

        C. exciting

        F. established

        考频指数：3 星


      22. Evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that reducing an animals energy intake below its energy expenditure extends the life span and delays the (i) of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish, and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people to (ii) in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that (iii) the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of actually going on a diet.

        A. diagnosis

        D. eat healthier foods

        G. undermine

        B. onset

        E. put up with constant hunger

        H. mimic

        C. treatment

        F. take vitamin supplements

        I. delay

        考频指数：4 星


      23. The description of humans as having an internal clock is not a (i)    . Or rather, it is—you do not have a tiny watch in your cerebellum—but it also refers to (ii)    , a specialized bundle of cells that regulates cyclical processes.

        A. euphemism

        D. an elusive psychological phenomenon

        B. cliché

        E. a standard literary trope

        C. metaphor

        F. a real biological feature

        考频指数：3 星


      24. While normal floods resulting from usual monsoon rainfall are  the growth of crops, recently there has been an increase in the frequency of high-intensity floods that do not have such welcome effects.

        1. conducive to

        2. hindered by

        3. devastating for

        4. deleterious for

        5. essential for

        6. indispensable to

          考频指数：5 星


          【9 月新增题目】


      25. Given children’s active fantasy lives, one might think of truthfulness as (i) virtue in young children, but it turns out that lying is the more (ii) skill. A child who is going to lie must recognize the truth, intellectually conceive of an alternate reality, and be able to convincingly sell that new reality to someone else. Therefore, lying (iii) cognitive development and social skills in a way that honesty simply does not.

        A. an instinctive

        D. advanced

        G. undermines

        B. an acquired

        E. practical

        H. forgoes

        C. a conscious

        F. mundane

        I. demands

        考频指数：4 星


      26. There has been (i) elephant’s fabled mental capacities until recently, when these behavioral observations have begun to be (ii) by brain science. MRI scans of an elephant’s brain suggest that even relative to its overall size it has a large hippocampus, the component in the mammalian brain linked to memory and an important part of its limbic system, which is involved in precessing emotions.

        A. surprising credence given to

        D. buttressed

        B. a widespread dismissal of

        E. anticipated


        C. only anecdotal evidence for

        F. overwhelmed

        考频指数：5 星


      27. Greenhouse gases emitted into atmosphere are virtually permanent, and because they (i) in the atmosphere, their effects is (ii)     . These facts necessitate that policies related to greenhouse gases differ from policies related to various pollutants whose effects are (iii) and often temporary.

        A. disperse evenly

        D. subtle

        G. local

        B. accrue gradually

        E. global

        H. contrary

        C. persist indefinitely

        F. transit

        I. hazardous

        考频指数：3 星


      28. At Cerro Portezuelo, the task of separating grinding tools from the larger collection of excavated stone objects was (i) the ancient practice of recycling grinding tool fragments for building materials, hammer stones, and other purposes that (ii) their original use.

        A. complicated by

        D. complemented

        B. important to

        E. obscured

        C. independent from

        F. underscored

        考频指数：4 星


      29. The contemporary trend whereby fashion designers flout mainstream tradition is unique only in its (i)    ; earlier fashion designers experience the same (ii) impulse, albeit in a less extreme form.

        A. subversiveness

        D. indiscriminate

        B. intensity

        E. iconoclastic

        C. culpability

        F. temperate

        考频指数：4 星


        【10 月新增题目】


      30. Recent scholarship has questioned the (i) of tropical forests around the world. Archaeologists have shown, for example, that the largest contiguous tract of what was thought to be virgin rain forest in the southern Amazon had been transformed into a cultural parkland before European contact, and many of the forest islands in West Africa’s savanna forest transition zone are (ii) as well.

        A. diversity

        D. isolated

        B. naturalness

        E. endangered


        C. sustainability

        F. anthropogenic

        考频指数：5 星


      31. Industry-sponsored scientific research on chemical safety often (i)    . Media reports regularly imply that industry support of scientific work is alone sufficient to (ii) that research. Even though the source of funding has been determined to be a less significant cause of bias than other factors, industry support suffices, in the minds of many people, to (iii) the credibility of scientific work.

        A. uncovers risks

        D. fund

        G. adopt

        B. elicits skepticism

        E. vindicate

        H. vitiate

        C. promotes innovation

        F. invalidate

        I. bolster

        考频指数：4 星


      32. In many branches of science, our knowledge and technology have advanced so rapidly that new studies carried out with improved instruments and techniques may well  research done just twenty years earlier.

        1. confirm

        2. supplant

        3. elaborate

        4. supersede

        5. question

        6. validate

          考频指数：4 星


      33. Though it lacked  demeanor, Guatemala City was nonetheless a compelling place to be in 1954.

        1. an engaging

        2. a winning

        3. a sophisticated

        4. a detached

        5. a workaday

        6. a quotidian

          考频指数：5 星


          【11 月新增题目】

      34. The (i) quality of much contemporary drawing may be attributable to the use of photography as a drawing shortcut. Photography (ii) modern arts, but when it is used as a tracing tool in order to (iii) the difficulties of achieving correct proportion, the resulting art often feels static and lifeless.

        A. inert

        D. frequently enervated

        G. augment

        B. jubilant

        E. wonderfully enriched

        H. foreground


        C. sensuous

        F. inevitably circumscribed

        I. circumvent

        考频指数：5 星

      35. The tape recorder is to blame for the (i) of the interview and has thus had a (ii) effect on journalism. The possibility of verbatim reproduction has fostered the illusion that the voice of truth is that of the interviewee rather than the more critically detached voice belonging to the journalist. Maybe journalists should return to the lowly notebook, which allows them to (iii) while listening, relegating the tape recorder to its real role of invaluable witness.

        A. glorification

        D. negligible

        G. edit intelligently

        B. superannuation

        E. pernicious

        H. relinquish control

        C. vilification

        F. salutary

        I. transcribe exactly

        考频指数：4 星


        【12 月新增题目】

      36. For many years, Americans have had a love affair with ferryboats. Ferries are said to relieve our frayed nerves after we’ve stewed in bumper-to-bumper traffic, and conventional wisdom also says ferries (i) congestion and air pollution by getting us out of cars. Unfortunately, this (ii) notion recently has (iii) several West Coast mayors, who have in consequence eagerly pursued the implementation of ferry service in their cities.

        【微信公众号：张巍老师GRE】


        A. contribute to

        D. provocative

        G. captivated

        B. reduce

        E. misguided

        H. confused

        C. cover up

        F. cynical

        I. outraged

        考频指数：5 星

      37. The science of astronomy was begun by amateurs and today remains dependent on their contributions, which are incisive by virtue of being  by the a priori assumptions that often vitiate the work of professional research scientists.

        1. characterized

        2. unencumbered

        3. supported

        4. contradicted

        5. inspired

          考频指数：4 星


      38. Individuals, governments, and companies show ample ability to  themselves by setting goals based on current conditions and then blindly following them even when those conditions change drastically.

        1. hamstring

        2. reinvent

        3. promote

        4. revitalize

        5. impair

        6. invigorate

          考频指数：5 星


          【2022 年 2 月新增题目】

      39. The building affairs minister rightly recognizes that the current planning system—under which the government controls every aspect of construction—creates disastrous developments, but she is wrong to propose the opposite: the wholesale (i) of the building market. Such a complete (ii) of responsibility on the part of the state can hardly be in the public’s interest.

        A. liberalization

        D. abnegation

        B. preservation

        E. recapitulation

        C. regulation

        F. accretion

        考频指数：4 星

      40. Our mass media are much more fascinated by bad ideas or the failure of good ones than by successes: we drown in bad news—tales of how things went wrong--but we have only the most  discussion on how they might go right.

        1. incisive

        2. tantalizing

        3. trenchant

        4. cursory

        5. illusory

        6. perfunctory

          考频指数：5 星


          【2022 年 3 月新增题目】

          A. persistent

          D. corruption

          B. recent

          E. efficiency

          C. discouraging

          F. inexperience

      41. So (i) is the reputation of the city’s police force for (ii) that whenever a new police chief take office, he or she routinely promises to clean up the force.


        考频指数：5 星


      42. The school system’s modest plan for curriculum improvements has (i) local educators: some call it (ii) effort, while others say it is a pragmatic approach given the complexity of the task.

        A. surprised

        D. genuine

        B. impressed

        E. halfhearted

        C. divided

        F. practical

        考频指数：3 星


        【2022 年 4 月新增题目】

      43. History teaches us that science is not  enterprise; indeed, it is quite the opposite, a motley assortment of tools designed to safeguard researchers against their own biases.

        1. an opportunistic

        2. an anomalous

        3. a haphazard

        4. a collective

        5. a monolithic

          考频指数：4 星


      44. Because archaeology explores the most profound changes in human history by means of a grossly incomplete record; it has invited the sort of bold, imaginative interpretation in which speculation too easily becomes  evidence.

        1. replaced by

        2. constrained by

        3. untethered from

        4. divorced from

        5. substituted for

        6. constricted by

          考频指数：3 星


          【2022 年 5 月新增题目】

          A. subtle

          D. consistent with

      45. Contrary to those who fear the impact of invasive species on native plants, the biologists contend that the threat posed to biodiversity by nonnative species is often (i) . For instance, a study of garlic mustard, a nonnative plant now thriving in Minnesota’s oak forests, found that garlic mustard abundance in forest plots was not (ii) the number of other plant species there.


        B. uniform

        E. related to

        C. exaggerated

        F. sustained by

        考频指数：5 星


      46. Standard thermal evolution models of giant planets employ initial conditions that are, to some extent, arbitrarily chosen, selected more for computational expediency than for physical accuracy. Since eventually the initial conditions (i) the evolving planet, this approach is more (ii) for mature planets than it is for young planets.

        A. become irrelevant to

        D. involved

        B. are recreated by

        E. unpredictable

        C. enforce constraints on

        F. valid

        考频指数：3 星


        【2022 年 6 月新增题目】


      47. The so-called “good” translations of the historian’s major work—those that are (i) , in other words—give a very bad idea of the linguistic character of the author’s original writing, which is notoriously (ii) .

        A. true to the original

        D. indecorous

        B. committed to consistency

        E. crabbed

        C. easy to read

        F. lively

        考频指数：3 星

      48. Despite the occasional (i) of their venues, the culture of corporate

        conferences is a deeply (ii) conference, each day consisted of nearly nine hours

        of continuous lectures and panels enlivened by pleasantries or anything that could be

        construed as a joke. The only (iii) sensory deprivation of the sessions came

        from the handsome color slides favored by the corporate presenters.

        A. seclusion

        D. sycophantic

        G. allusion to

        B. opulence

        E. ascetic

        H. ramification of

        C. enormity

        F. mercenary

        I. respite from

        考频指数：4 星


        【2022 年 7 月新增题目】


      49. The reclusive clergyman may have lived and died in melancholy, but this doesn’t seem to have (i) his genius in any way. On the contrary, we find ourselves wondering whether his genius wasn’t (ii) in some mysterious way by his mood.

        A. influenced

        D. served

        B. hampered

        E. controlled

        C. triggered

        F. identified

        考频指数：5 星


      50. Neuroscientists are excited by technological progress that facilitates brain mapping, the most  of them comparing their growing abilities to tremendous advances that led to unimaginable success of the Human Genome Project.

        1. rigorous

        2. sanguine

        3. punctilious

        4. unorthodox

        5. sophisticated

          考频指数：4 星


          【2022 年 8 月新增题目】

      51. One virtue of cornmeal as a component of the diets of laborers in early Puerto Rico was the mildness of its taste, a trait that enabled it to  the strong flavors of other foods.

        1. mimic

        2. temper

        3. camouflage

        4. neutralize

        5. complement

        6. augment

          考频指数：5 星


      52. The macromolecule RNA is common to all living beings, and DNA, which is found in all organisms except some bacteria, is almost as  .

        1. mercurial

        2. amorphous

        3. ubiquitous

        4. manifest

        5. exiguous

          考频指数：3 星


          【2022 年 9 月新增题目】


      53. Criticized for decades of overproduction in their signature line of derivative goods, Rectangle Record has satiated the market with a  of repackaged old CDs, which interferes with its ability to innovate and produce new albums.

        1. dearth

        2. glut

        3. deficiency

        4. surfeit

        5. abundance

        6. profusion

          考频指数：5 星


      54. That Seiberg and Witten lack celebrity can be explained by the  nature of their pursuit: the mathematical exploration of four-dimensional space.

        1. pedestrian

        2. esoteric

        3. compelling

        4. global

        5. unequivocal

          考频指数：5 星


          【2022 年 10 月新增题目】

      55. For all the  the new CEO has received from the press recently, her staff have a decidedly less rosy view of her.

        1. encomiums

        2. tributes

        3. evaluations

        4. critiques

        5. attention

        6. publicity

          考频指数：5 星


      56. Early practitioners of the natural sciences developed methods to remove distortions caused by either the research environment or the researcher. Such methods, especially with respect to the researcher, were considered to (i) those (ii) subjectivity whose unbridled expression was thought to (iii) research.

        【微信公众号：张巍老师GRE】


        A. restrain

        D. incursions of

        G. corrupt

        B. reveal

        E. restrictions on

        H. justify

        C. disguise

        F. acknowledgements of

        I. expedite

        考频指数：5 星


        【2022 年 11 月新增题目】


      57. So (i) is the reputation of the country's police for corruption and other forms of (ii) that it has become a kind of tradition that every newly appointed police chief pledges to (iii) the force.

        A. persisted

        D. indolence

        G. contradict

        B. paralyzing

        E. incompetence

        H. reform

        C. unfounded

        F. criminality

        I. reward

        考频指数：5 星


        【2022 年 12 月新增题目】

      58. Estimating demographic parameters in marine mammals is challenging, often requiring many years of data to achieve sufficient precision to  biologically meaningful change.

        1. effect

        2. tolerate

        3. discern

        4. envisage

        5. withstand

        6. detect

          考频指数：4 星


      59. Unambiguous texts can allow their readers to (i) them quickly, but ambiguous texts can have the attractive (ii) of multiple possible interpretations, all of which can be considered equally (iii) , and none of which is the single true meaning.

        A. misunderstand

        D. stigma

        G. valid

        B. comprehend

        E. blemish

        H. frank

        C. complicate

        F. allure

        I. inveterate

        考频指数：4 星


        【2023 年 1 月新增题目】


      60. In its few decades of existence, the field of technology assessment has undergone large changes: its original high ambitions to predict consequences of technology have been  if not discarded.

        1. deferred

        2. subverted


        3. abandoned

        4. relinquished

        5. tempered

        6. modulated

          考频指数：4 星


      61. There are no  criteria of excellence in art: works that once were ignored or even reviled now fetch millions of dollars at auction, while those that were most highly praised in their day now languish in storage.

        1. subjective

        2. dubious

        3. transitory

        4. immutable

        5. uncontroversial

          考频指数：4 星


          【2023 年 2 月新增题目】


      62. At first glance, each of the stories in the anthology seemed (i) , upon closer inspection of their protagonists, implied morals, and fantasy elements, however, subtle similarities among the stories emerged to (ii) this initial observation.

        Blank (i)

        Blank (ii)

        A. compelling

        D. impugn

        B. implausible

        E. bolster

        C. idiosyncratic

        F. explain

        考频指数：3 星


      63. The wonder of Amy Chapman was her  , her tenacious devotion to certain causes.

        1. subtle allure

        2. refractory willfulness

        3. obstinate self-regard

        4. brazen hubris

        5. staunch fealty

          考频指数：5 星


          【2023 年 3 月新增题目】


      64. What differentiates this book from more traditional works on grammar is that it


        reserves its     not for students of writing, bur for teachers who harbor unduly restrictive views.

        1. mockery

        2. skepticism

        3. scolding

        4. approbation

        5. admonishment

        6. commendation

          考频指数：4 星


          【2023 年 4 月新增题目】

      65. The author of this (i) memoir is notable for an unmitigated (ii) that is matched only by an utter lack of self-awareness. Although that combination of personality traits is not uncommon, it is rare for a book that is so transparently an exercise in (iii) to have the exact opposite of its intended effect.

        Blank(i)

        Blank(ii)

        Blank(iii)

        A. self-critical

        D. self-regard

        G. self-examination

        B. self-serving

        E. self-abnegation

        H. self-incrimination

        C. self-effacing

        F. self-consciousness

        I. self-aggrandizement

        考频指数：5 星


        【2023 年 5 月新增题目】

      66. The field suffers from being puffed up with its own importance, and that attitude of  seems to infect every professional utterance.

        1. self-justification

        2. self-abnegation

        3. self-congratulation

        4. self-persuasion

        5. self-castigation

          考频指数：5 星


          【2023 年 6 月新增题目】


      67. The historian noted that her first work of fiction, set in Boston in the 1760s, did not really feel like a (i) her scholarly endeavors: she had always practiced history as a creative discipline in which imagination and (ii) are complementary rather than antithetical.

      Blank(i)

      Blank(ii)

      A. continuation of

      D. rigor

      B. reflection on

      E. monotony

      C. departure from

      F. invention

      考频指数：5 星


      第二部分 阅读高频题‌

      Passage 1 考频指数：5 星


      Most seismologists assume that following a major earthquake and its aftershocks, the fault (a break in Earth’s crust where pressure can trigger an earthquake) will remain quiet until stresses have time to rebuild, typically over hundreds or thousands of years. Recent evidence of subtle interactions between earthquakes may overturn this assumption, however. According to the stress-triggering hypothesis, faults are unexpectedly responsive to subtle stresses they acquire as neighboring faults shift. Rather than simply dissipating, stress relieved during an earthquake travels along the fault, concentrating in sites nearby; even the smallest additional stresses may then trigger another quake along the fault or on a nearby fault. Although scientists have long viewed such subtle interactions as nonexistent, the hypothesis has explained the location and frequency of earthquakes following several destructive quakes in California, Japan, and Turkey.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. According to the passage, which of the following is an assumption that may be invalidated by recent seismological evidence?

        1. Earthquakes are caused by stresses building up in faults within Earth’s crust.

        2. Most major earthquakes can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.

        3. Faults are highly responsive to even minor stresses in neighboring faults.

        4. Most major earthquakes are followed by predictable aftershocks.

        5. A fault that has resulted in a major earthquake becomes quiet for a long period.


          For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      2. The passage suggests that most seismologists believe which of the following about fault stresses?

        1. They are dissipated when they result in an earthquake.

        2. They are transferred between neighboring faults.

        3. They will not cause a major earthquake along the same fault in the space of a few years.


      Passage 2 考频指数：5 星


      Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the suffering of the industrial worker in the England of the 1840s. What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell, to convey the experience of everyday life in working class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes such features as a carefully annotate reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party, an itemized description of the furniture of the Bartons’ living room, and a transcription (again annotated) of the ballad “The Oldham Weaver”. The interest of this record is considerable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect.


      As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching

      working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons’ house, and of John Barton and his friend’s discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families’ emotions and responses (which are more crucial than the material details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D. H. Lawrence. If Gaskell never quite conveys the sense of full participation that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Bartons, she still brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.


      The chapter “Old Aice’s History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers. The account of Job Leigh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for living things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness. The early chapters—about factory workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields, about Alice Wilson, remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will never again see, about Job Leigh, intent on his impaled insects—capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and cr ushing exper ience of industr ialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming an important tradition among workers.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. It can be inferred from examples given in the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following was part of “the new and crushing experience of industrialism” for many members of the English working class in the nineteenth century.


        1. extortionate food prices

        2. geographical displacement

        3. hazardous working conditions

        4. alienation from fellow workers

        5. dissolution of family ties


      2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that Mary Barton might have been an even better novel if Gaskell

        1. concentrated on the emotions of a single character

        2. made no attempt to re-create experiences of which she had no firsthand knowledge

        3. made no attempt to reproduce working-class dialects

        4. grown up in an industrial city

        5. managed to transcend her position as an outsider


      3. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward Gaskell’s use of the method of documentary record in Mary Barton?

        1. uncritical enthusiasm

        2. unresolved ambivalence

        3. qualified approval

        4. resigned acceptance

        5. mild irritation


      4. Which of the following is most closely analogous to Job Leigh in Mary Barton, as that character is described in the passage?

        1. an entomologist who collected butterflies as a child

        2. a small-town attorney whose hobby is nature photography

        3. a young man who leaves his family’s dairy farm to start his own business

        4. a city dweller who raises exotic plants on the roof of his apartment building

        5. a union organizer who works in a textile mill under dangerous conditions


      Matisse's art, with its spectacular immediacy and its mysterious depths, poses confounding problems for analysis. When Hilary Spurling writes of The Piano Lesson that “the picture can not be confined to any single source or meaning,” she might be writing of any of Matisse’s works. Picasso’s themes, with their collage of traditional signs and symbols, are far more susceptible to conventional iconographic analysis than anything in Matisse. Similarly, the cubism of Picasso and Braque, while rejecting traditional perspective, can nevertheless be studied as an inversion of traditional norms, using the same tools that one uses to study those norms. But the solutions that Matisse arrives at are always idiosyncratic and tend

      to be unrelated to any system of ideas. Intuition is his only system.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The passage suggests which of the following about Braque’s cubism?

        1. It lends itself more readily to systematic analysis than does Matisse’s work.

        2. It is more radical in terms of form than most paintings by Matisse.

        3. It was influenced by Matisse’s idiosyncratic and intuitive approach.

        4. It can not be confined to any single source or meaning.

        5. It is overly dependent on traditional signs and symbols.


          For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.


      2. The passage identifies which of the following as a reason that Matisse’s art can confound analysis?


        1. Traditional analytical tools are not well suited to Matisse’s art.

        2. Matisse's art is marked by a freedom from systematic influence.

        3. The norms that Picasso and Braque rejected were not ones that Matisse rejected.


      Passage 4 考频指数：5 星


      A primary value in early twentieth-century Modernist architectural theory was that of “truth to materials”, that is, it was essential that a building’s design express the “natural” character of the building materials. This emphasis would have puzzled the architects of the Italian Renaissance (sixteenth century), a period widely regarded as the apex of architectural achievement, for Renaissance architects’ designs were determined only minimally by the materials employed. The diversity of Italy’s natural resources provided Renaissance architects with a wide variety of building materials. The builders of the Pitti Palace (1558-1570) used great blocks of Tuscan stone, just as Etruscans living in the same part of Italy had done some twenty centuries earlier. Had the Florentine Renaissance builders aped the Etruscan style, it might be said that their materials determined their style, since Etruscan style matched the massive, stark, solid character of the stone. But these same materials, which so suited the massive Etruscan style, were effectively used by the Florentine Renaissance to create the most delicate and graceful of styles.


      A similar example of identical materials used in contrasting styles characterizes the treatment of Roman travertine marble. When Baroque architects of seventeenth-century Rome desired a massive and solid monumental effect, they turned to travertine marble, whose “natural effect” is, indeed, that of spacious breadth and lofty, smoothly rounded surfaces. Yet during the Renaissance, this same material had been used against its “nature,” in the Florentine tradition of sharply carved detail. Italian Renaissance architecture was shaped less by the “nature” of the materials at hand than by the artistic milieu of Renaissance Italy, which included painting and sculpture as well as architecture. While Roman travertine marble may have lent itself to fine carving, the Florentine passion for fine detail is no less marked in Flor entine Renaissance painting than in Florentine Renaissance architecture. Similarly, in the next century, the emphasis on shading and corporeal density in Baroque painting mirrored the use of Roman travertine marble in Baroque architecture to create broad shadow and powerful masses.


      The ingenuity of Renaissance architects extended beyond merely using a material in a way not suggested by its outward natural appearance. If they conceived a design that called for a certain material either too expensive or difficult to work with, they made no scruple about imitating that material. Their marbles and their stones are often actually painted stucco. When the blocks of masonry with which they built were not in scale with the projected scheme, the real joints were concealed and false ones introduced. Nor were these practices confined, as some scholar s insist, to the later and supposedly decadent phases of the art. Material, then, was utterly subservient to style.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The passage is primarily concerned with

        1. explaining the differences in quality among different kinds of building materials

        2. discussing the differences among Etruscan, Florentine Renaissance, and Roman Baroque architecture

        3. describing how different materials influenced architecture in different cities

        4. describing the manner in which Renaissance architects often resorted to artificial materials and illusionistic effects

        5. demonstrating the attitude of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Italian architects toward the use of building materials


      2. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that which of the following is true of painting and architecture of the Baroque era?

        1. Both emphasize the “natural” use of materials.

        2. Both are derived from the Florentine Renaissance style.

        3. Both have been overlooked by twentieth-century Modernists.

        4. They have certain visual features in common.

        5. They illustrate the degeneration of a style.


      3. The author’s mention of Florentine Renaissance painting serves in the context of the passage to support which of the following assertions?

        1. The constraints that operate in architecture are different from those that operate in painting

        2. Florentine architectural style was not determined by the nature of the available marble.

        3. The Florentine Renaissance period was a period in which the other arts achieved the same distinction as did architecture.

        4. Technical advances in all of the arts of the Florentine Renaissance determined the stylistic qualities of those arts.

        5. Native preferences of style do not manifest themselves in the same ways in different arts.


      4. The passage suggests which of the following about the cited “scholars”?

        1. They believe that a decadent phase is characteristic of any significant artistic movement.

        2. They reject the popular view of the Renaissance as the apex of architectural achievement.

        3. They believe that a vigorous and healthy architecture would not usually employ false surfaces or imitation building materials.

        4. They represent the mainstream in critical and historical thought about the Florentine Renaissance.

        5. They have focused on such technical matters as the cost of building materials rather than on artistic concerns.


      Passage 5 考频指数：5 星


      Before feminist literary criticism emerged in the 1970s, the nineteenth-century United States writer Fanny Fern was regarded by most critics (when considered at all) as a prototype of weepy sentimentalism—a pious, insipid icon of conventional American culture. Feminist reclamations of Fern, by contrast, emphasize her nonsentimental qualities, particularly her sharply humorous social criticism. Most feminist scholars find it difficult to reconcile Fern’s sardonic social critiques with her effusive celebrations of many conventional values. Attempting to r esolve this contr adiction, Har r is concludes that Fer n employed flower y r hetor ic str ategically to disguise her subver sive goals beneath appar ent conventionality. However, Tompkins proposes an alternative view of sentimentality itself, suggesting that sentimental writing could serve radical, rather than only conservative ends by swaying readers emotionally, moving them to embrace social change. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      1. The passage suggests which of the following about the contradiction mentioned in the highlighted sentence?

        1. It was not generally addressed by critics before the 1970s.

        2. It is apparent in only a small number of Ferns writings.

        3. It has troubled many feminist critics who study Fern.


      2. It can be inferred from the passage that Tompkins would be most likely to agree with which of the following about the critics mentioned in the passage?

        1. They accurately characterize the overall result Fern is aiming to achieve.

        2. They are not as dismissive of Fern as some feminist critics have suggested.

        3. They exaggerate the extent to which Fern intended her writing to serve a social purpose.

        4. They wrongly assume that sentimental must be a pejorative term.

        5. They fail to recognize the role that sentimental rhetoric plays to reader’s emotions.


      3. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions Fern’s “sharply humorous social criticism” primarily in order to

        1. contrast Fern’s apparent intentions with the impression her writing made on Harris

        2. suggest that many feminist critics have attributed to Fern intentions that she may not have had

        3. identify an aspect of Fern’s writing that strikes some scholars as incompatible with other attributes of her writing

        4. help account for the effect Fern's writing had on critics of her own time

        5. identify the aspects of Fern's writing for which she was primarily known prior to the 1970s


      4. In the context in which it appears, “reclamations” most nearly means

        1. reformations

        2. rehabilitations

        3. recapitulations

        4. retractions

        5. Reiterations




      The relevance of the literary personality—a writer’s distinctive attitudes, concerns, and artistic choices—to the analysis of a literary work is being scrutinized by various schools of contemporary criticism. Deconstructionists view the literary personality, like the writer’s biographical personality, as irrelevant. The proper focus of literary analysis, they argue, is a work’s intertextuality( interrelationship with other texts), subtexts (unspoken, concealed, or repressed discourses), and metatexts (self-referential aspects), not a perception of a writer’s verbal and aesthetic “fingerprints.” New historicists also devalue the literary personality, since, in their emphasis on a work’s historical contexts, they credit a writer with only those insights and ideas that were generally available when the writer lived.

      However, to readers interested in literary detective work--say scholars of classical( Greek and Roman) literature who wish to reconstruct damaged texts or deduce a work’s authorship—the literary personality sometimes provides vital clues.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. The passage is primarily concerned with

        1. discussing attitudes toward a particular focus for literary analysis

        2. describing the limitations of two contemporary approaches to literary analysis

        3. pointing out the similarities among seemingly contrasting approaches to literary analysis

        4. defending the resurgence of a particular focus for literary analysis

        5. defining a set of related terms employed in literary criticism


          For the following question, consider each of the choice separately and select all that apply.

      2. It can be inferred from the passage that on the issue of how to analyze a literary work, the new historicists would most likely agree with the deconstructionists that

        1. The writer’s insights and ideas should be understood in terms of the writer’s historical context.

        2. The writer’s literary personality has little or no relevance.

        3. The critic should primarily focus on intertextuality, subtexts and metatexts.


      3. In the context in which it appears, “credit writer with” most nearly means

        1. trust a writer with

        2. applaud a writer for

        3. believe a writer created

        4. presume a writer had

        5. accept a writer for


      Passage 7 考频指数：5 星


      The manuscripts of the eight extant Latin tragedies identify the plays as the Marci Lucii Annei Senecae Tragoediae. Since nobody of that name is known, modern scholars believe the dramasto be the work of Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger, the well-known philosopher, orator and politician. Clearly the tragedies were written during Seneca’s lifetime: internal references to earlier poets, most notably Ovid, indicate that the dramas cannot have been composed prior to the second decade C.E., and the plays must have been written by 96C.E., when Quintilian quotes Medea, one of the tragedies.


      It is remarkably, however, that Seneca himself never mentions the plays, since there are certain passages in them that could be used to illustrate points of his philosophy. There are at least two possible explanations. In the early Roman Empire, playwrights were sometimes exiled or executed for line constructed as directed against the emperor; thus, Seneca’s silence may be simple prudence. But if anyone could safely attach his name to dramas, surely it would be Seneca, the emperor’s tutor. And although Herrmann offers Seneca’s modesty as an explanation, Seneca is not averse to referring to his other writings. The evidence for equating Seneca with the author of the tragedies seems circumstantial.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The author mentions Medea primarily in order to

        1. give an example of a play in which references to certain authors can be used to determine when the Marci Lucii Annei Senecae Tragoediae were composed

        2. acknowledge the possibility that the Marci Lucii Annei Senecae Tragoediae may have been written by Quintilian rather than Seneca

        3. suggest that certain of the Marci Lucii Annei Senecae Tragoediae may have been written near the end of Seneca’s lifetime

        4. argue that Marci may have been one of the last of the eight plays in the Marci Lucii Annei Senecae Tragoediae to be written

        5. indicate how the latest possible date for the time period during which the Marci Lucii Annei Senecae Tragordiae were composed might be established


      2. The author of the passage makes which of the following claims about the eight extant Latin tragedies?

        1. There is only circumstantial evidence that the plays were all written by the same author.

        2. Scholars have persistently attributed the plays to Seneca despite evidence that some of them may have been composed prior to his lifetime.

        3. Evidence in the manuscripts of the plays identifies them as having been written by Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger.

        4. The plays contain some lines that have been construed as being directed against the emperor.


        5. The plays contain material that could illustrate certain aspects of Seneca’s philosophy.


      3. The author of the passage would most likely agree that if Seneca had in fact written the tragedies, then Seneca probably would have

        1. used the plays as platforms for his philosophical ideas

        2. referred to the plays in some of his other writings

        3. been in danger of exile or execution for certain line in the plays

        4. avoided attaching his name to be the plays out of modesty

        5. written the plays during the latter portion of his lifetime


      4. The author implies which of the following about Seneca’s status as the emperor’s tutor?

        1. It enabled Seneca to illustrate points of his philosophy to the leaders of the early Roman Empire.

        2. It had more of an effect on Seneca’s career as a dramatist than it did on his career as a philosopher, orator, and politician.

        3. It might have offered Seneca some protection from certain dangers playwrights typically faced.

        4. It required Seneca to avoid making references to his various writings.

        5. It required that Seneca take particular care that his writings could not be construed as being directed against the emperor.


      5. Each of the following assertions consistent with Seneca’s authorship of the plays appears in the passage EXCEPT

        1. There is no known author by the name to which the plays are attributed.

        2. Playwrights in the early Roman Empire were politically vulnerable.

        3. There are references in the play to Ovid.

        4. There are references in the plays to Seneca’s philosophical works.

        5. There are quotations from the plays in the works of Quintilian.


      Most Oakville residents want a community swimming pool to be built but do not want to finance it with local tax revenues. Oakville’s mayor argues that although the town has no financial reserves, building pool will not lead to higher taxes, since an unused town-owned land parcel is available and admission fees will cover the entire cost of operating the pool as well as repayment of the S3 million debt for construction.


      Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the mayor’s argument?

      1. Admission to the community pool will cost most residents who frequently use it more than they would have paid in increased taxes for pool open to residents free of charge.

      2. Because of the types of accidents that can happen in and around swimming pools, the largest part of the operating expenses for the community pool will be lifeguards’ salaries and liability insurance.

      3. The operation of a pool would bring increased traffic to the road leading to the site of the proposed pool and would require the town to fund costly road improvements.

      4. The same survey that established that a majority of Oakville’s residents would use a community pool also found that over one-third of the town’s residents would have preferred that it be built at a different site.

      5. Opponents of the pool have not advanced any other proposals for the use of the currently unused town-owned land parcel.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      Passage 9 考频指数：4 星


      The theory of motivated reasoning suggests that, in legal decisions, different judges will assess the same information differently, depending on their backgrounds and fundamental values. Attitudinalists (theorists who contend that judges’ decisions are driven by their own policy preferences) have concurred that their findings on ideological decision making could be explained by the “human reflex” to “convince oneself of the propriety of what one prefers to believe—motivated reasoning.”


      Motivated reasoning, however, is subject to “reasonableness constraints.” For example, the accuracy of decision making is enhanced when the stakes for the decision are higher, when the decision must be justified, and when the decision will be made public. Such circumstances often apply to judicial decisions. The presence of stronger arguments contrary to preferences reduces the influence of motivations. The limitations of the power of motivated reasoning are apparent from the numerous unanimous opinions of the United States Supreme Court (whose members generally represent a range of ideological predispositions) and other cases in which justices appear to vote contrary to their ideological preferences. One would anticipate that the influence of such motivated reasoning is at its apex when the law is relatively less determinate, which is consistent with the findings of empirical research.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The author suggests which of the following about motivated reasoning?

        1. It allows judges to take into consideration on a wide range of views beyond those that they themselves hold.

        2. It has a greater impact on the decision of judges with certain kinds of policy preferences than on the decisions of judges with other preferences.

        3. It is unlikely to result in ideologically biased judicial decisions in cases where the law is open to multiple interpretations

        4. Its effects on a decision may be mitigated by exposure to compelling arguments that challenge the decision maker’s biases.

        5. Its impact on judicial decision making may be more evident in decisions rendered by the United States Supreme Court than in decisions rendered by other courts.


      2. It can be inferred that the author the uses the United States Supreme Court to illustrate the argument because of a belief that the

        1. Supreme Court is obligated to render its decisions without regard to its members’ ideological predispositions

        2. record of the Supreme Court shows it to be roughly similar to other courts in the frequency with which its decision particular policy preference

        3. extent to which decisions made by the Supreme Court are affected by reasonableness constraints is relatively easy to determine


        4. unanimous decisions sometimes handed down by the Supreme Court would be unlikely to come from an ideologically diverse court if motivated reasoning were unchecked

        5. members of the Supreme Court provide clear and extended explanations of the reasoning that has informed their decisions


      3. The author suggests which of the following about the “circumstances” mentioned in the passage?

        1. They allow decision makers to rationalize lapses in their objectivity.

        2. They tend to undermine the efficacy of reasonableness constraints.

        3. They may weaken the effect of policy preferences on decisions.

        4. They are insufficiently distinguished from one another by attitudinalists.

        5. They can disguise the extent to which a decision has been influenced by motivated reasoning.


      Sensationalism—the purveyance of emotionally charged content, focused mainly on violent crime, to a broad public—has often been decried, but the full history of the phenomenon has yet to be written. Scholars have tended to dismiss sensationalism as unworthy of serious study, based on two pervasive though somewhat incompatible assumptions: first, that sensationalism is essentially a commercial product, built on the exploitation of modern mass media, and second, that it appeals almost entirely to a simple, basic emotion and thus has little history apart from the changing technological means of spreading it. An exploration of sensationalism’s early history, however, challenges both assumptions and suggests that they have tended to obscure the complexity and historicity of the genre.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      1. According to the passage, scholars have not given sensationalism serious consideration because they believe sensationalism

        1. possesses largely emotional rather than rational content

        2. is produced with an eye to making money

        3. lacks historical complexity


      2. In the contest in which it appears, “charged” most nearly means

        1. electrified

        2. accused

        3. attacked

        4. fraught

        5. admonished


          Recent studies of ancient Maya water management have found that the urban architecture of some cities was used to divert rainfall runoff into gravity-fed systems of interconnected reservoirs. In the central and southern May Lowlands, this kind of water control was necessary to support large populations throughout the year due to the scarcity of perennial surface water and the seasonal availability of rainfall. Some scholars argue that the concentration of water within the urban core of these sites provided a centralized source of political authority for Maya elites based largely on controlled water access. Such an argument is plausible, however, it is less useful for understanding the sociopolitical implications of water use and control in other, water-rich parts of the Maya region.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


          1. The author of the passage implies which of the following about the political importance of the type of urban water management system described in the passage?

            1. Because the system was centralized, it allowed political control over a widely scattered population.

            2. The knowledge required to design and maintain the system became the pretext for Maya elites’ political authority.

            3. By selectively limiting access to water, Maya elites used the system to curb challenges to their authority

            4. The system is not sufficient to explain the sources of centralized political power in all parts of the Maya region

            5. The system’s continued maintenance required political authorities to exert control over an increasing proportion of economic resources.


              Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

          2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the water management systems in the central and southern Maya Lowlands?

            1. They were implemented in part because of the prevailing pattern of rainfall.

            2. They were an integral part of lowland cities’ architecture.

            3. They were needed because of insufficient resources such as ponds, rivers and lakes in the lowlands.


              In recent decades, scholars of American literature have skillfully revealed authors’ simultaneous accommodation and resistance to an increasingly commercialized, capitalized environment during the early nineteenth century. Historians of the period have not, however, fully exploited literary criticism, due to the disciplinary boundaries that mark contemporary academic research. Few historians have extensive training in critical theory and its specialized languages, and the sheer volume of work in early American history and literature challenges anyone who would master either field, much less both. Moreover, historians study people across the nation, but much literary scholarship called “American” actually examines works produced in northeastern states. And historians usually study the operations of capitalism in its details, while literary critics produce a generalized picture of literary commodification.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

              1. As discussed in the passage, the literary scholars and the historians differ in which of the following ways?

                1. the amount of scholarship that they produce

                2. the nature of their geographic focus

                3. the extent to which they are critical of early capitalism

                4. the extent to which they are interested in interdisciplinary study

                5. The extent to which they restrict their focus to a particular time period


              2. The passage cites which of the following as a reason for historians’ failure to fully exploit literary criticism?

                1. historians’ overly thematic approach to literature

                2. historians’ conservative notion of what constitutes literature

                3. historian’s lack of interest in critical theory

                4. the distinctive nature of much literary criticism

                5. the ahistorical quality of much literary criticism


              3. The passage cites which of the following as reasons for historians’ failure to fully exploit literary criticism?

                1. The amount of scholarship involved

                2. The distinctive nature of literary criticism

                3. The ahistorical quality of much literary criticism


                  A divide between aesthetic and technical considerations has played a crucial role in mapmaking and cartographic scholarship. Since nineteenth century cartographers, for instance, understood themselves as technicians who did not care about visual effects, while others saw themselves as landscape painters. That dichotomy structured the discipline of the history of cartography. Until the 1980s, in what Blakemore and Harley called “the Old is Beautiful Paradigm,” scholars largely focused on maps made before 1800, marveling at their beauty and sometimes regretting the decline of the pre-technical age. Early mapmaking was considered art while modern cartography was located within the realm of engineering utility. Alpers, however, has argued that this boundary would have puzzled mapmakers in the seventeenth century, because they considered themselves to be visual engineers.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

                  1. According to the passage, Alpers would say that the assumptions underlying the “paradigm” were

                    1. inconsistent with the way some mapmakers prior to 1800 understand their own work

                    2. dependent on a seventeenth-century conception of mapmaking visual engineering

                    3. unconcerned with the difference between the aesthetic and technical questions of mapmaking

                    4. insensitive to divisions among cartographers working in the period after 1800

                    5. supported by the demonstrable technical superiority of mapmaking made after 1800


                  2. It can be inferred from the passage that, beginning in the 1980s, historians of cartography

                    1. placed greater emphasis on the beauty of maps made after 1800

                    2. expanded their range of study to include more material created after 1800

                    3. grew more sensitive to the way mapmakers prior to 1800 conceived of their work

                    4. came to see the visual details of maps as aesthetic objects rather than practical cartographic aids

                    5. reduced the attention they paid to the technical aspects of mapmaking


                      Although the passenger pigeons, now extinct, were abundant in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century America, archaeological studies at twelfth-century Cahokian sites in the present day United States examined household food trash and found that traces of passenger pigeon were quite rare. Given that the sites were close to a huge passenger pigeon roost documented by John James Audubon in the nineteenth century and that Cahokians consumed almost every other animal protein source available, the ar chaeologists conducting the studies concluded the passenger pigeon population had once been very limited before increasing dramatically in post-Columbian America. Other archaeologists have criticized those conclusions on the grounds that passenger pigeon bones would not be likely to be preserved. But all the archaeological projects found plenty of bird bones and even tiny bones fr om fish.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

                      1. The author of the passage mentions “tiny bones from fish” primarily in order to

                        A. explain why traces of passenger pigeon are rare at Cahokian sites

                        B. support a claim about the wide variety of animal proteins in the Cahokian diet

                        C. provide evidence that confirms a theory about the extinction of the passenger pigeon

                        D. cast doubt on the conclusion reached by the archaeologists who conducted the studies discussed in the passage

                        E. counter an objection to an interpretation of the data obtained from Cahokian sites


                      2. Which of the following, if true, would most call into question the reasoning of “the archaeologists conducting the studies”?

      A. Audubon was unable to correctly identify twelfth-century Cahokian sites

      B. Audubon made his observations before passenger pigeon populations began to decline.

      C. Passenger pigeons would have been attracted to household food trash

      D. Archaeologist have found passenger pigeon remains among food waste at eighteenth-century human settlements

      E. Passenger pigeons tended not to roost at the same sites for very many generations


      Favorable environments do not necessarily lead to the occurrence of plant cultivation. South China is warmer and moister than North China and the Yangtze Basin, with wild rice and highly abundant natural resources. Yet archaeological data indicate that cereal cultivation did not occur in this region until approximately 7,000 to 6,500 years ago. This cultivation was likely a result of cultural contact with and expansion from the Yangtze Basin. Clearly, environmental factors were important for the occurrence of cultivation in China, but were not the absolute determining factors. While incipient cultivation might occur in areas of relatively abundant resources, it may not occur in areas of very abundant resources, such as South China, where foraging might be a more efficient way of life. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. The author implies which of the following about natural resources in South China prior to 6,500 years ago?

      A. Their abundance may have actually served to discourage the development of plant cultivation. B. They were not as abundant as most archaeologists have maintained.

      1. They led indirectly to cultural contact with peoples from the Yangtze Basin.

      2. Their importance has been downplayed by scholars studying the beginnings of plant cultivation in South China.

      3. They had little influence on the types of plants that were eventually cultivated in South China.


      2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about plant cultivation in the Yangtze Basin?

      A. It occurred in spite of an unfavorable climate.

      B. It occurred prior to 6,500 years ago.

      C. It occurred somewhat later than it occurred in North China.

      D. It occurred largely because of the abundance of wild rice in the region.

      E. It occurred as a result of cultural contact with South China.



      Passage 16 考频指数：5 星


      Ecologists had assumed that trees in the consistently warm tropics grew at a slow but steady rate, unvarying from year to year. However, a study at La Selva, Costa Rica, showed that trees grew less in hotter years and more in cooler ones: between 1984 and 2000, dramatic differences occurred in the six species of trees studies, with trees adding twice as much wood in some cooler years as they did in the scorching El Nino year of 1997-1998. Because tree growth is an index of the balance between photosynthesis, in which trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and release oxygen, and respiration, in which the opposite occurs, the La Selva data were the first hint that rapidly rising global temperatures, driven by human-generated emissions of CO2, may be pushing tropical forests to release more CO2, thereby intensifying global warming. This raised serious questions about a popular theory that tropical forests act as a sponge, soaking up much of the excess CO2 that humans pump into the atmosphere. The La Selva data are consistent with a model of global CO2 flux developed by Keeling, who concluded that the amount of CO2 taken up in tropical landmasses rose in cooler years and fell in hotter ones, accounting for

      year-to-year changes in the amount of CO2 that stays in the atmosphere. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

        1. present additional evidence to support a popular theory

        2. show the underlying similarities of two seemingly contradictory theories

        3. point out the implications of a particular study for two related theories

        4. provide an alternative explanation for a well-documented phenomenon

        5. reconcile two competing theories that explain a phenomenon


      2. The passage supports which of the following statements about the trees in the La Selva study?

        1. During the El Nino year, they added considerably less wood than they did in cooler years during the period of 1984-2000.

        2. During the El Nino year, they typically had higher rates of photosynthesis than they did in other years during the period of 1984-2000.

        3. During the El Nino year, they released considerably more oxygen than they did in cooler years during the period of 1984-2000.

        4. During the El Nino year, they took up considerably more CO2 than they did in cooler years during the period of 1984-2000.

        5. The amount of CO2 that they absorbed remained constant throughout the entire period of 1984- 2000.


      3. The passage suggests that as temperatures rise, trees in the tropical regions

        1. continue to grow at a slow but steady rate

        2. grow less and intensify photosynthesis

        3. emit more CO2 and oxygen


        4. increase overall respiration and decrease overall photosynthesis

        5. grow more and absorb more CO2



      While export prices remained robust, British India's Tea CessCommittee (TCC) made only sporadic, small-scale attempts to create demand for tea in India by giving away pre-brewed cups in selected locations and selling small packets of leaf fragments.

      Still, by 1930 only a fraction of the Indian population had tasted tea, and more than 90 percent of the crop was exported. The Great Depression decisively changed the picture, however. International tea prices plunged, and by 1935 growers faced an unsold surplus of more than a hundred million pounds. The prospect of a huge "uninitiated" market suddenly seemed appealing, and the TCC, reorganized as the Indian Tea Market Expansion Board (ITMEB) and provided with an expanded budget,

      began the largest marketing campaign in Indian history. 【微信公众号：张巍老师

      GRE】

      1. The passage suggests that "small packets of leaf fragments" were

        1. preferred by Indian consumers over other forms of tea

        2. too valuable to be sold in large packets to consumers

        3. marketed in response to a local surplus of unsold tea leaves

        4. likely to sell for high prices if exported

        5. an ineffective way to expand the local tea market


      2. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tea Cess Committee reorganized as the Indian Tea Market Expansion Board in order to

        1. appeal to Indian consumers' sense of national identity

        2. escape the TCC's reputation for selling low-quality tea

        3. increase the prestige of tea by emphasizing its exotic origins

        4. receive a larger budget for marketing tea in India

        5. respond to economic conditions created by the Great Depression


          Historical demographers have generally agreed on two interrelated features of the urban populations in early-modern Germany. First in accordance with the law of natural decrease, extremely high mortality rates in cities (urban areas with more than10.000 inhabitants) meant that their populations could not be sustained by reproduction alone. Population density, inadequate sanitary conditions, and poor housing made cities too vulnerable to disease and death. Second, when city populations did increase, it was as a result of in-migration sufficient to overcome the population losses caused by the high mortality. But because the parish registers of urban communities with fewer than 10.000 inhabitants show that the annual number of births usually equaled or exceeded that of deaths, historical demographers assume that the law of natural decrease did not apply to small towns. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


          1. The author suggests that according to historical demographers, the birth rate in early-modem German cities

            1. was affected by sanitary conditions

            2. increased as a result of in-migration

            3. was lower than the annual death rate

            4. decreased as population density increased

            5. was lower than the rate in communities with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants


          2. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

            It can be inferred that historical demographers generally believe which of the following about communities of fewer than 10,000 people in early-modern Germany?

            1. mortality rates were lower than those in cities of over 10,000 inhabitants.

            2. in-migrations were not a significant factor in population trends.

            3. population levels remained quite stable for extended periods.


      Passage 19 考频指数：4 星


      While Gayl Jones's fiction has received significant critical, attention, her comparably quiet, yet formidable, corpus of poetry has been virtually ignored by scholars. Significantly, Jones's first publication appeared in verse, and her literary production from 1969 through the early 1980s includes nearly as many poems as short stories, betraying a formative and consistent involvement with poetry. Jones's lack of critical recognition as a poet is at least partially traceable to her documented ambivalence regarding genre boundaries and artistic identity: "I've never really considered myself a poet. I've written what I call poetry but I've always thought of myself as primarily a fiction writer and so I write poetry from the viewpoint and interest of a storyteller." Consistent with this self-conceptualization, Jones's critical observations regarding the work of other poets often focus on techniques traditionally associated with fiction writing: narrative and its rendering usually appear to outweigh the various poetic conventions of prosody and form. While reviewing the work of Sterling Brown, Jones provides a checklist of what chiefly attracts her in poetry: characterization and narrative voice are foregrounded, accompanied by such structural concerns of fiction as dramatic forms and scenes, all of which combine to reveal a sensibility interested primarily in formulating a poetics of effective storytelling.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. According to the passage, the "checklist" provides a record of which of the following?


        1. The features of Sterling Brown's poetry that Jones finds unique

        2. The techniques that Jones believes distinguish poetry from fiction

        3. Jones's effort to distinguish herself from other poets

        4. Ways in which Jones influenced Sterling Brown

        5. The qualities in poetry that most interest Jones


      2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding the nature of Jones's poetry?

        1. It reflects her self-identification as a teller of stories.

        2. It is more assertive than her poetry criticism.

        3. It is acclaimed more as storytelling than as actual poetry.

        4. It uses dramatic forms and scenes in unprecedented ways.

        5. Its concern with narrative voice is greater than that of most fiction of the period.


      3. The passage suggests which of the following regarding critics of Jones's work？

        1. Their lack of interest in Jones's poetry has been prompted by their unawareness of the extent of her poetic production.

        2. They have tended to judge Jones's work in different genres according to the definitions of those genres accepted by Jones's contemporaries.


        3. The nature of their focus on Jones has been influenced by Jones's own characterizations of her work.

        4. They have discounted Jones's observations regarding the work of other poets as narrow-minded.

        5. They have foregrounded Jones's explorations of prosody and form at the expense of her interest in narrative.




          From the 1880s to the 1930s, the textile industry in Japan employed over half of all workers, most of them in the three major branches of silk reeling, cotton spinning, and weaving. Because the branches were highly diverse—in scale, skill requirements, and technology—historians traditionally have analyzed them separately. However, the workforces of all three were drawn primarily from the same population: young, mostly rural women aged 10 to 25. Noting this commonality, Hunter argues that a consideration of the three branches of production together is long overdue: examining elements common to the different branches of textile production may, she asserts, permit the identification of gender-based factors that may have influenced the operation of the Japanese female labor market as a whole. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


          1. Which of the following does the passage cite as an explanation for historians’ traditional analysis of the Japanese textile industry?

            1. a common workforce population across all branches of textile manufacturing

            2. similarities in the skills required for silk reeling, cotton spinning, and weaving

            3. the importance of the textile industry to the Japanese economy as a whole

            4. the high number of female factory workers employed within the textile industry

            5. differences in the technology used in the three major branches of textile production


              Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

          2. It can be inferred that Hunter regards which of the following to be a shortcoming of historians’ traditional analyses discussed in the passage?

            1. their failure to examine factors common to the three different branches of Japanese textile production

            2. their separation of the Japanese textile industry into three major branches based on differences in scale, skill requirements, and technology

            3. their failure to acknowledge the contribution made by rural women to the different branches of the textile industry


      【9 月新增题目】

      Passage 21 考频指数：4 星


      The history of the transmission of ancient Roman texts prior to invention of the printing press is reconstructed from evidence both internal and external to the texts themselves. Internal evidence is used to reconstruct the relationship of the surviving manuscripts of a Roman text to one another, as represented in a modern stemma codicum: a diagram depicting the genealogical relationship of surviving manuscripts and those the stemmas editor believes existed at one time. Stemma are scholar’s only road maps to textual connections based on internal evidence, but they may paint a distorted picture of reality because they diagram the relationships of only those manuscripts known or inferred today. If surviving copies are few, the stemma perforce brings into proximity manuscripts that were widely separated in time and place of origin. Conversely, the stemma can also bestow a semblance of separation on manuscripts written within a few months of one another or even in the same room.


      One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Ages, when many classical texts were circulated. Too often, though, too much is inferred about a particular works circulation in the Middle Ages from the number of manuscripts surviving today. When a work survives in a single manuscript copy, editors call the manuscript, rather glamorously, the lone survivor–implying that all its (presumably rare) companions were destroyed sometime early in the Middle Ages by pillaging barbarians. It is equally possible that the work survived far into the Middle Ages in numerous copies in monastic libraries but were unnoticed due to lack of interest. The number of extant manuscripts, however few, really does not allow scholars to infer how many ancient Latin manuscripts of a work survived to the ninth, the twelfth, or even the fifteenth century.


      Quotations from a Roman text by a medieval author are another category of external evidence: but does the appearance of a rare word or grammatical construction—or even a short passage—really indicate a medieval author’s firsthand knowledge of this or that ancient work, or does such usage instead derive from some intermediate source, such as a grammar book or a popular style manual? Medieval authors do quote extensively from ancient authors; while such quotations provide some evidence of the works medieval circulation, as well as define its evolving fortunes and the various uses to which it was put, they may be far less useful in reconstructing the text of an ancient work.


      Much as scholars want to look for overall patterns and formulate useful generalizations, the transmission of each text is a different story and each manuscripts history is unique. Scholars must be careful not to draw conclusions that go beyond what the evidence can support. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

        1. tracing certain changes in the methods used to study the transmission of ancient Roman texts.

        2. contrasting two types of evidence used in investigating the transmission of ancient Roman texts.

        3. outlining certain difficulties associated with studying the transmission of ancient Roman texts.

        4. advocating the use of one type of evidence about ancient Roman texts over the use of another type.

        5. explaining the development and potential uses and drawbacks of stemma in the study of ancient Roman texts.


      2. As described in the passage, a stemma is most closely analogous to which of the following?

        1. a department store inventory list that excludes some departments

        2. a map from which a large section has been torn off

        3. a chronology that includes only major historical events

        4. a family tree in which some generations are not recorded

        5. a government organizational chart from which some agencies are omitted


          Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      3. In its discussion of external evidence, the passage suggests which of the following about manuscripts of ancient Roman texts during the Middle Ages?

        1. It is possible that fewer manuscripts were destroyed by barbarians in the early Middle Ages than scholars frequently suppose.

        2. Additional copies of some so-called lone survivor manuscripts may have existed well into the Middle Ages.

        3. If an ancient Roman text is quoted in a work by a medieval author, then it is likely that at least one manuscript copy of that text survived into the Middle Ages.


      4. Click on the sentence in the first paragraph that suggests that scholars might be led to underestimate the extent of the connection between certain manuscripts.


      【10 月新增题目】

      Passage 22 考频指数：4 星

      Unlike herbivores and omnivores, predators have traditionally been thought not to balance nutrient intake because of the assumption that animal tissue as a food source varies little and is nutritionally balanced. But chemical analysis of invertebrate prey reveals remarkable variation in nutrient composition among species; even within species, nutrient composition may vary considerably. Greenstone suggested that predators may select food items according to their nutrient contents. Jensen et al (2011) have shown experimentally that even sit-and-wait invertebrate predators with limited mobility can work to address nutrient deficiencies. The wolf spider, for instance, has been shown to regulate nutrient intake by extracting more dry mass from a prey item if it contains a higher proportion of a nutrient that was deficient in the previous prey.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

        1. Do invertebrate predators with full mobility address nutrient needs in the same fashion as sit-and-wait invertebrate predators with limited mobility?

        2. Why would there be a considerable variation in nutrient composition within prey of a given species?

        3. Is all of the nutrient content of invertebrate prey contained in the dry mass?

        4. What would a wolf spider do if a fly it was eating contained a higher proportion of a certain nutrient than was present in the spider’s recent prey?

        5. How is a wolf spider able to determine that some prey it is eating contains a higher proportion of a nutrient that was deficient in the previous prey?


      2. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?

        1. A phenomenon is described, and an interpretation is offered.

        2. A claim is made, and the corroborating evidence is evaluated.

        3. A hypothesis is presented and undermined by recent findings.

        4. A contrast is noted and shown to be specious based on recent findings.

        5. A series of assumptions is presented and shown to be based on sound reasoning.


      【10 月新增题目】

      Passage 23 考频指数：5 星

      Some archaeologists speculate that the Americas might have been initially colonized between 40,000 and 25,000 years ago. However, to support this theory it is necessary to explain the absence of generally accepted habitation sites for that time interval in what is now the United States. Australia, which has a smaller land area than the United States, has many such sites, supporting the generally accepted claim that the continent was colonized by humans at least 40,000 years ago. Australia is less densely populated (resulting in lower chances of discovering sites) and with its overall greater aridity would have presented conditions less favorable for hunter-gatherer occupation. Proportionally, at least as much land area has been lost from the coastal regions of Australia because of postglacial sea-level rise as in the United States, so any coastal archaeological record in Australia should have been depleted about as much as a coastal record in the United States. Since there are so many resource-rich rivers leading inland from the United States coastlines, it seems implausible that a growing population of humans would have confined itself to coasts for thousands of years. If inhabitants were present 25,000 years ago, the chances of their appearing in the archaeological record would seem to be greater than for Australia.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?

        1. presenting an objection to a claim

        2. accounting for an apparent anomaly

        3. outlining an alternative interpretation

        4. correcting a particular misconception

        5. questioning the validity of a comparison


      2. The author of the passage implies which of the following about 25,000 years ago?

        1. The coastline of the region that is now the United States is longer than it was 40,000 years ago.

        2. Rivers in what is now the United States were numerous than they are now.

        3. Australia was less densely populated at that time than was the region that is now the United States.

        4. Australia’s climate was significantly drier than it is now.

        5. Global sea level was lower than it is now.


      3. The author of the passage implies that, in what is now the United States, archaeological evidence of inhabitation in the period from 40,000 to 25,000 years ago is lacking because that region

        1. had its oldest habitation sites inundated following a postglacial rise in sea level.

        2. has many resource-rich rivers that facilitated the dispersal of early inhabitants from an initial concentration in coastal areas.

        3. was sparsely populated until about 25,000 years ago.


        4. was colonized less than 25,000 years ago.

        5. was inhabited only by hunter-gatherers until 25,000 years ago.



      【11 月新增题目】

      Passage 24 考频指数：5 星

      Archaeologists studying Bonito phase (ca. A.D. 900-1140) Native American ceramics from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, observed that many pots had been altered after firing to revise their decorative designs--usually, intricate geometric patterns painted in black on white slipped surfaces. In some cases, a new design was imposed over an earlier one; less often, the original design was simply covered with white slip. Crown and Wills doubt that the alterations were made to correct design errors. Many Chaco pots with design errors were left unaltered. Furthermore, when errors were corrected, revisions were made prior to firing—either by painting directly over the error or by scraping off designs and applying new slip and paint, which is a less time-consuming method than repainting and refiring flawed pots. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. The author of the passage mentions Crown and Wills primarily in order to

        1. Distinguish among different factors that might have caused Chaco potters to alter their pots’ decorative designs.

        2. Introduce new evidence related to the question of why Chaco potters altered their pots’ decorative designs.

        3. Show how one potential explanation for the alteration of Chaco pots has been discounted.

        4. Present a hypothesis about why Chaco pots were altered to revise their decorative designs.

        5. Explain how archaeologists discerned the method by which Chaco pots were originally decorated.


      2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Bonito phase Chaco pots?

        1. Relatively few of them have original designs concealed beneath white surfaces.

        2. Relatively few of them were altered after firing.

        3. Many of their alterations increased the intricacy of their painted designs.

        4. Many of them have some flaw in their shape or structure.

        5. Many of them were altered more than once.

      Passage 25 考频指数：4 星

      In Stanton the average number of people injured per automobile accident is consistently higher for accidents involving a taxicab than for those not involving a taxicab. Although all Stanton taxicabs are equipped with passenger seat belts, taxicab drivers report that passengers tend not to use them. It is likely, therefore, that if taxicab passengers were required to use seat belts, the number of people injured per accident would soon be no higher for taxicabs than for other automobiles.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      Which of the following, if true about Stanton, most seriously weakens the argument?

      1. The number of automobile accidents has been declining in recent years.

      2. Since taxicabs are driven more miles annually than most other vehicles, they are more likely to be in an accident during any given year than is the average vehicle.

      3. There are more taxicabs in operation, relative to the overall number of motor vehicles, than there are in most cities of Stanton’s size.

      4. The number of people, including the driver, who occupy a vehicle is generally greater for taxicabs than for other vehicles.

      5. Not all passengers in automobiles other than taxicabs use seat belts.


      【12 月新增题目】

      Passage 26 考频指数：4 星

      Recent studies of the gender gap in the history of United States policies tend to focus on candidate choice rather than on registration and turnout. This shift in focus from gender inequality in political participation may be due to the finding in several studies of voting behavior in the United States that since 1980, differences in rates of registration and voting between men and women are not statistically significant after controlling for traditional predictors of participation. However, Fullerton and Stern argue that researchers have overlooked the substantial gender gap in registration and voting in the South. While the gender gap in participation virtually disappeared outside the South by the 1950s, substantial gender differences persisted in the South throughout the 1950s and 1960s, only beginning to decline in 1970s.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. Select the sentence in the passage that offers a possible explanation for a trend.


      2. According to the passage, which of the following is true about recent studies of the gender gap in the United States politics?

        1. They accurately depict voter preference in the South prior to 1980.

        2. They have been unduly influenced by changes in voter preferences.

        3. They fail to recognize important factors affecting levels of voter participation.

        4. They do not pay sufficient attention to the effect regional differences have on voter preference.

        5. They are more concerned with the choices that male and female voters make than with the frequency with which they vote.


      3. The author of the passage cites “several studies of voting behavior in the United States” to

        1. suggest that rates of change in political participation have moderated

        2. provide a possible explanation for a propensity among certain researchers

        3. indicate an area of research that is particularly promising

        4. speculate about the implications of a change

        5. suggest that a particular area of study has not been very productive


      4. The passage is primarily concerned with

        1. establishing the chronology of a transition

        2. discussing a perceived oversight

        3. explaining the reasons for a change

        4. evaluating an underlying assumption

        5. confirming the merits of a claim


      【2022 年 2 月新增题目】

      Passage 27 考频指数：4 星

      The seemingly unrelated aims of functional strength and aesthetic appeal had been not only successfully integrated in many of the classic suspension bridges of the past two centuries but also commonly achieved by engineers alone or leading teams. Thomas Telford was in fact both engineer and architect of his Menai Suspension Bridge, and John Roebling was both engineer and architect of his Brooklyn Bridge. That these engineering structures especially have come to be regarded as architectural icons demonstrates the aesthetic heights that an engineer can achieve.


      Engineers less artistically confident than Telford and Roebling have engaged consulting architects to advise them on the design of everything from the facades placed on massive anchorages and skyscraper-high towers to the finishing details like deck railings and lampposts. Othmar Ammann, the chief engineer of the George Washington and many other New York City bridges, often sought the help of famous architects. When the George Washington was but an idea on paper, Ammann engaged Cass Gilbert, the architect of the Woolworth Building and other landmarks, to depict how the towers might be finished in stone. Since money was tight when the bridge was being completed, however, the steel-framed towers were left bare-a look that the Swiss architect Le Corbusier found extremely appealing-and bare steel became the

      new aesthetic standard for monumental bridge towers【. 微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

        1. explore the interplay between two professional disciplines

        2. discuss the personal qualities needed to succeed in a particular endeavor

        3. consider what qualities give aesthetic appeal to structures of a particular kind

        4. present the evolution of a relationship between competing goals

        5. explain how apparently disparate goals actually support each other


          Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      2. The passage implies that Othmar Ammann was

        1. responsible for a design that became an aesthetic touchstone for later bridges

        2. financially constrained from hiring the architects he wished for the George Washington Bridge

        3. less certain of his aesthetic design abilities than Telford and Roebling were of theirs


      3. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Cass Gilbert’s ideas for finishing the towers of the George Washington Bridge?

        1. They had to be abandoned during construction.

        2. They impressed Le Corbusier.

        3. They were judged to be too costly when the project was initially proposed.

        4. They derived from themes Gilbert had explored in the Woolworth Building.


        5. They started a fashion that was followed in later bridge towers.



      Passage 28 考频指数：5 星

      The Great Sphinx is a huge statue in Egypt that has a lion’s body with a man’s head. The face of the Sphinx has long been claimed to be that of pharaoh Khafre, who lived around 2600 B.C., but it cannot be: erosion patterns recently discovered on the lion’s legs can only have been caused by heavy rains, and the Sahara has not had heavy rains in over 10,000 years.


      Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

      1. The face of the Sphinx bears a resemblance to the faces on certain stylized statues dating from both before and after the reign of Khafre.

      2. Other erosion patterns that appear on the body of the Sphinx are of a sort that could be caused by wind and sand alone

      3. Other than the Sphinx, there are no surviving sculptures that have been claimed to portray the face of Khafre.

      4. In the last 10,000 years the climate of Egypt has been so dry that even rains that are not heavy have been extremely infrequent.

      5. The face of the Sphinx is small relative to the rest of the head, indicating that the face may have been recarved long after the Sphinx was built.


      【2022 年 4 月新增题目】

      Passage 29 考频指数：4 星

      Astronomers who study planet formation once believed that comets—because they remain mostly in the distant Oort cloud, where temperatures are close to absolute zero—must be pristine relics of the material that formed the outer planets. The conceptual shift away from seeing comets as pristine relics began in the 1970s, when laboratory simulations revealed there was sufficient ultraviolet radiation reaching comets to darken their surfaces and there were sufficient cosmic rays to alter chemical bonds or even molecular structure near the surface. Nevertheless, astronomers still believed that when a comet approached the Sun—where they could study it—the Sun’s intense heat would remove the corrupted surface layer, exposing the interior.

      About the same time, though, scientists realized comets might contain decaying radioactive isotopes that could have warmed cometary interiors to temperatures that caused the interiors to evolve.


      Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      1. According to the passage, astronomers recognize which of the following as being liable to cause changes to comets?

        1. cosmic rays

        2. radioactive decay

        3. ultraviolet radiation


          Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      2. According to the passage, astronomers’ belief that comets are pristine relics was

        1. overturned by analysis of what happens when comets approach the Sun

        2. supported by what observations revealed about the composition of the outer planets

        3. based on consideration of the conditions that prevail where comets are located


      3. The author suggests that the realization described in the final sentence of the passage had which of the following effects?

        1. It introduced a new topic for study by astronomers interested in planetary formation.

        2. It led astronomers to adopt a number of different strategies in trying to determine the composition of cometary interiors.

        3. It called into question an assumption that astronomers had made about comets.

        4. It cast doubt on astronomers’ ability to study the interior parts of comets,

        5. It caused astronomers to revise their account of the composition of the outer planets.


      4. It can be inferred that the author would agree with which of the following statements about the “laboratory simulations”?


        1. The simulations showed that despite the low temperatures in the Oort cloud, there was sufficient energy there to alter comets.

        2. Astronomers were initially reluctant to accept what simulations showed about the composition of comets.

        3. The simulations themselves did not eliminate the possibility that comets contain pristine relics of material from the early solar system.



      Passage 30 考频指数：4 星

      The discovery of subsurface life on Earth, surviving independently from surface life, refuted the belief that biological processes require not only liquid water but sunlight as well, thus greatly enhancing the possibility of life beyond Earth. Take Jupiter’s moon Europa. Space probes show a body covered with a thick layer of ice. As Europa orbits its planet, however, it flexes due to the gravitational tug-of-war between it,its sister moons, and Jupiter. Through friction, this flexing produces heat in the moon’s interior capable of melting ice. Indeed, observations suggest liquid water exists beneath Europa’s icy crust. Photosynthetic life is impossible there because sunlight is completely absent, but life such as the microbes that flourish deep within earth may still be possible.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

      1. Life on Europa in the form suggested in the passage would be dependent on

        1. the protection Europa’s icy crust gives against the harmful components of sunlight

        2. the existence of water on Europa

        3. the motion of Europa around Jupiter


      2. The highlighted sentence “take Jupiter’s moon Europa” serves to introduce

        1. an instance that allows a hypothesis to be tested

        2. speculation grounded in empirical discovery

        3. a deduction from a newly advanced hypothesis

        4. a large-scale effect of an apparently insignificant contingency

        5. the derivation of a contradiction to refute a claim

      Passage 31 考频指数：4 星

      An influential early view held that ecosystems contain niches for a limited number of species and that competition for resources among species—whether native or nonnative invading ones—determines ecosystems’ species composition. However, factors other than competition often help explain invading species’ success. For example, the American grey squirrel, often cited as a classic example of competitively superior invading species, was introduced in England in 1876 and now thrives, while the native red squirrel population has declined. Although scientists have found gray squirrels to be more efficient foragers than red ones, they also note that even before the gray squirrel’s arrival, Britain’s red squirrel populations had a periodic tendency to die out, only to be subsequently reintroduced. Furthermore, many gray squirrels are silent carriers of a disease fatal to red squirrels.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions the efficiency with which gray squirrels forage primarily in order to

        1. identify a factor that explains a certain phenomenon

        2. call attention to an inconsistency in a particular theory

        3. suggest that competition cannot be the factor responsible for a particular outcome

        4. acknowledge a fact that appears to support a view that the author intends to qualify

        5. cite evidence that is not consistent with an early influential view about species competition


      2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the “early view?”

        1. It reflects a mistaken assumption about the means by which nonnative species are introduced into ecosystems.

        2. Its basic premise is shown to be valid by the effect of American gray squirrels on Britain’s red squirrel population.

        3. It presents a simplistic picture of the means by which species composition within ecosystems is determined.

        4. It can effectively explain the formation of ecosystems that contain few species but cannot adequately account for the formation of complex ecosystems.

        5. It understates the importance of competition as a factor determining species composition within ecosystems.

      Passage 32 考频指数：4 星

      Biologists studying wild monkeys sometimes need the genetic material DNA from a particular monkey to determine the animal's parentage. Until recently, DNA could be extracted only from blood. Collecting a blood sample required tranquilizing the donor animal. Now DNA can be extracted from hair. Monkeys shed large quantities of hair in places where they sleep. Therefore, researchers will now be able to determine the parentage of individual monkeys from DNA without tranquilizing the monkeys.


      Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

      1. The places in which monkeys sleep are easily accessible to researchers.

      2. Information about a particular monkey’s parentage is the only kind of information that can be determined from DNA that has been extracted from that monkey’s hair.

      3. For at least some samples of hair collected from monkey habitat it will be possible to associate hairs with the individual monkeys from which they came.

      4. Examining DNA is the only way to determine the parentage of wild monkeys.

      5. It will be necessary to obtain any hair samples used in determining a monkey’s parentage from a place where the monkey has slept.


      【2022 年 8 月新增题目】

      Passage 33 考频指数：4 星

      Few central Asian textiles from the Timurid period (1370-1526C. E.) have survived to be dated. However, scholars have long assumed that Timurid rugs with geometric patterns were replaced in royal courts by floral-patterned rugs only at the end of the 1400s, under the influence of the painter Behzād (circa 1455-circa 1536).

      Nevertheless, the presence of floral-patterned rugs in court scenes from two paintings in a 1440s Timurid manuscript suggests that floral-patterned rugs were already being used at that time. Whether the occasional presence of geometric rugs in similar paintings after the 1440s means the tradition of weaving rugs with geometric patterns also continued, or whether here the painters simply followed a

      well-established formula, is still an open question. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. According to the passage, after the 1440s, Timurid paintings of court scenes

        1. generally followed well-established formulas

        2. are more likely to have survived than Timurid textiles

        3. were greatly influenced by the painter Behzād

        4. are frequently found in Timurid manuscripts

        5. sometimes showed rugs with geometric patterns


      2. The passage implies which of the following about the introduction of floral-patterned rugs in Timurid royal courts?

        1. It explains the absence of any surviving geometric-patterned rugs.

        2. It predates any influence wielded by the painter Behzād.

        3. It occurred earlier than scholars have long thought.


      3. Which of the following statements best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

        1. It notes a fact about Timurid rugs, that explains why they have been the subject of scholarly controversy.

        2. It emphasizes the fragility of central Asian textiles from the period in question,

        3. It situates Timurid rugs within the wider context of textile arts from the same period.

        4. It suggests why the author is relying upon indirect evidence for the dating of trends in Timurid rugs.

        5. It describes a constraint on the study of Timurid rugs that the author thinks has been overemphasized.


      4. In the context in which it appears, “formula” most nearly means

        1. fact

        2. symbol

        3. ritual

        4. maxim


        5. recipe




      【2022 年 9 月新增题目】

      Passage 34 考频指数：4 星

      Benjamin Franklin is portrayed in American history as the quintessential self-made man. In “Self-reliance”, Emerson asks, “Where is the master who could have instructed Franklin...?” In fact, Franklin took instruction widely, and his scientific work was highly collaborative. Friends in England sent equipment needed for his electrical experiments, others, in Philadelphia, helped him set up his workshop there. Philip Syng constructed a device for generating electrical charges, while Tomas Hopkinson demonstrated the potential of pointed conductors. Franklin, in addition to being the group’s theoretician, wrote and published its results. His fame as an individual researcher is partly a consequence of the shorthand by which when one person writes about a group’s discoveries, history sometimes grants singular credit for collective effort.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?

        1. It states a viewpoint about Franklin with which the author disagrees.

        2. It introduces new evidence about Franklin’s role in the collaborative process.

        3. It explains Franklin’s reputation in terms of a broad scholarly phenomenon.

        4. It emphasizes the extent to which Franklin relied on others in his workshop.

        5. It describes Franklin’s approach to writing scientific results.


      2. Emerson is mentioned in the passage primarily to

        1. identify the origin of a particular understanding of Franklin

        2. elaborate on a view of Franklin that the author takes issue with

        3. point to a controversial claim about Franklin’s historical legacy

        4. introduce the question of who Franklin’s main scientific influences were

        5. suggest that Franklin was resistant to collaboration with other scientists

      Passage 35 考频指数：4 星


      W.E.B. Du Bois’ exhibit of African American history and culture at the 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle attracted the attention of a world of sociological scholarship whose value his work challenged. Du Bois believed that Spencerian sociologists failed in their attempts to gain greater understanding of human deeds because their work examined not deeds but theories and because they gathered data not to affect social progress but merely to theorize. In his exhibit, Du Bois sought to present cultural artifacts that would shift the focus of sociology from the construction of vast generalizations to the observation of particular, living individual elements of society

      and the working contributions of individual people to a vast functioning social structure.


      【微信公众号：张巍老师GRE】


      1. The passage implies that Du Bois attributed which of the following beliefs to Spencerian sociologists?

        1. Theorizing is important to the understanding of human actions

        2. Vast generalizations have limited value.

        3. Data gathering is a relatively unimportant part of sociological research.

        4. Sociology should focus on the living elements of society rather than cultural artifacts.

        5. Particulars are more important than universals.


          For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      2. The passage implies that Du Bois believed which of the following statements about sociology?

        1. It should contribute to the betterment of society.

        2. It should study what people actually do.

        3. It should focus on how existing social structures determine individual behavior.


          For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      3. It can be inferred from the passage that Du Bois believed which of the following statements about the artifacts he included in his exhibit?

        1. They tended to support an established view of African American history and culture.

        2. They documented the contributions of particular African Americans to American social structure.

        3. They were chosen to encourage Spencerian sociologists to form useful generalizations.


      【2022 年 11 月新增题目】

      Passage 36 考频指数：4 星


      Until the mid-1980s. Swedish workers' wages were largely determined through centralized collective bargaining at a national level, a policy aimed at achieving equal pay for equal work across companies and industries. This policy, designed to raise the relative wages of low-wage workers, resulted in a decrease in overall wage inequality in Sweden's labor market. Furthermore, this policy may have indirectly resulted in a relatively small gender wage gap (difference between women's wages and those of similarly qualified men): several recent studies have demonstrated that decentralized wage bargaining produces relatively large wage inequality in general and large gender wage differentials in particular, and international comparisons show that a society's overall wage inequality is positively related to the gender wage gap.


      Therefore, in designing a study of organizational factors that perpetuate inequities in women's wages, researchers decided to gather data on the current situation in Swedish companies. The researchers reasoned that the occurrence of discriminatory wage- setting practices in Swedish companies could provide a conservative estimate of the prevalence of such practices in other developed countries. Despite increasing decentralization of Sweden's wage-bargaining process since the mid-1980s, they reasoned, the effects of the

      earlier policy on current wages should still be evident to some extent. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. It can be inferred that the highlighted "studies" lend support to which of the following statements about women workers wages?

        1. In most countries, women workers' wages would not likely be affected by centralized collective bargaining in the same way as they were in Sweden prior to the mid-1980s.

        2. In most countries, women workers' wages are closer to the wages of similarly qualified men than they are in Sweden.

        3. Women workers' wages are generally less affected by centralized collective bargaining than are men's wages.

        4. Women workers' wages are sometimes adversely affected by wage-setting practices that are intended to remedy overall wage inequality.

        5. Women workers' wages are generally closer to the wages of similarly qualified male workers where wages are set through centralized wage bargaining than where they are set through decentralized wage bargaining.


      2. The author of the passage attributes the highlighted “decrease” to which of the following?

        1. A decline in Sweden's gender wage gap

        2. A decline in low-wage workers' wages in Sweden

        3. A decline in women's wages in Sweden.


        4. A policy governing wage bargaining in Sweden

        5. A change in Sweden's wage-bargaining practices initiated in the mid-1980s


      3. If the researchers' reasoning presented in the last paragraph of the passage is correct, then which of the following would be most likely to be true?

        1. Organizational factors that perpetuate inequities in women's wages are less prevalent in Swedish companies today than they were prior to the mid-1980s.

        2. The gender wage gap in Sweden is larger today than it was prior to the mid-1980s but smaller than that in many other developed countries.

        3. Discriminatory wage-setting practices have declined in Sweden since the mid-1980s but not as sharply as they have declined in many other developed countries.

        4. Overall wage inequality in Sweden has declined mote sharply Since the mid-1980s than it did during the period when centralized wage-bargaining processes prevailed in Sweden.

        5. Women workers occupy more high-level positions in Swedish companies than they do in companies in many other developed countries.


      【2022 年 12 月新增题目】

      Passage 37 考频指数：4 星


      The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist-illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to court the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it. It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.


      Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some

      17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility that the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy.

      Either scenario could be true. The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon. In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/ or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a

      more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. The author the passage mentions the work of Hrdy primarily to

        1. present an instance of untenable assumption

        2. illustrate a consensus by citing a representative claim

        3. provide evidence that challenges a belief

        4. highlight a corollary of a widespread view

        5. offer data that help resolve a debate


      2. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is

        1. incontestable

        2. immutable

        3. uncommon

        4. immaterial

        5. uncertain


      3. The author of the passage suggests that it is “appropriate to consider the alternative possibility” because the previous view

        1. results in a contradiction

        2. depends on problematic data

        3. appears less definite given certain facts

        4. conflates two distinct phenomena

        5. overlooks a causal relationship between correlated phenomena


      4. Which of the following statement, if true, would provide the greatest support to “the alternative possibility”?

        1. The number of primate species in which male care of infants is exhibited is greater than the number of primate species that practice monogamy.

        2. Male care of infants among primates can be seen earlier in the evolutionary record than can monogamy among primates.

        3. Monogamous relationships among primates can be found in species living in a variety of physical environments.

        4. Most primate species that practice monogamy do not show any evidence of male care of infants.

        5. Male care of infants can be observed in some primate species that lack male confidence of paternity.

      Passage 38 考频指数：4 星


      For years, the leading theory for what caused the Younger Dryas (a dramatic reversal, about 12,900 years ago, in a global warming trend) was a release of water from Glacial Lake Agassiz. The theory posited that this meltwater flooded into the North Atlantic, lowering the salinity and intensity of surface waters enough to prevent them from sinking. Ocean currents were changed in such a way that northward transport of heat in the ocean diminished, and the North Atlantic regions plunged back into near-glacial conditions. However, evidence has emerged that the Younger Dryas began long before freshwater flooded the North Atlantic.

      Additionally, the temperature changes induced by a shutdown in the North Atlantic heat conveyor system are too small to explain the Younger Dryas. 【微信公众号：

      张巍老师 GRE】


      1. The author of the passage implies which of the following about the release of water from glacial Lake Agassiz?

        1. The notion that the release occurred has been challenged by more recent findings.

        2. The release probably occurred much earlier than scientists have generally assumed.

        3. The release would not have been sufficient to cause any temperature change in the North Atlantic.

        4. The timing of the release is such that it probably did not trigger the onset of the Younger Dryas. E. The release was probably unrelated to the global warming trend that was taking place.


      2. The passage is primarily concerned with

        1. presenting evidence that undermines an explanation

        2. explaining the nature of a climatological phenomenon

        3. questioning the timing of a particular event

        4. discussing a new explanation for a phenomenon

        5. suggesting revisions to a popular theory

      Passage 39 考频指数：5 星


      A plant-based automobile fuel has just become available in Ternland. A car can be driven as far on a gallon of the new plant-based fuel as a car can be driven on a gallon of gasoline, but a gallon of the plant-based fuel both costs less and results in less pollution. Therefore, drivers in Ternland who switch to it will reduce the amount they spend on fuel in a year while causing less environmental damage.


      Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

      1. There is no expense associated with operating an automobile that is higher when the automobile uses the plant-based fuel than when it uses gasoline.

      2. Automobiles that have been operated using the plant-based fuel can no longer be operated using regular gasoline.

      3. The environmental damage attributable to automobiles is due almost entirely to the production and combustion of fuel automobiles use.

      4. The advantages of the plant-based fuel over gasoline will not lead those who switch to the plant-based fuel to do more driving.

      5. Most drivers in Ternland will switch from gasoline to the plant-based fuel.

      Passage 40 考频指数：5 星

      Pharmaceuticals imported into Bornland are inspected for quality to the extent that staff limitations permit. For the last few years, the proportion of shipments examined that have been found to be deficient has been consistently around 25 percent. This year, the number of inspectors and inspections was doubled, and only 21 percent of shipments inspected were found deficient. Clearly, therefore, the quality of

      pharmaceuticals being imported into Bornland has greatly improved.【微信公众号：张巍老师GRE】

      1. The answer to which of the following would be most helpful in evaluating this argument?

        1. What is the maximum fine that the inspectors can impose when they find that an importer’s pharmaceutical shipments are of deficient quality?

        2. Can the newly hired inspectors detect deficiencies in shipments at least as well as their more experienced colleagues?

        3. Is Bornland currently a major exporter of pharmaceutical products?

        4. How many pharmaceutical companies import pharmaceuticals into Bornland?

        5. When did Bornland first consider the hiring of additional inspectors for pharmaceutical imports?


          【2023 年 4 月新增题目】

          Passage 41 考频指数：5 星


          Due to the importance they accorded roads, railways, rivers and bridges, the French Impressionist painters were able to create a new iconography of landscape for the industrial age. Most contemporaries saw nothing in these paintings but trivial subjects and retained only the visual shock of the Impressionists’ completely new technique and style. The Impressionist canvases were, however, much more complex than their apparent simplicity indicated: Impressionist landscapes balanced traditional images of France with

          elements representing industrial progress and thereby introduced modernity into painting.

          While retaining a part of the heritage they had received from their artistic predecessors, who had painted virgin forests and quaint old mills and farms, the Impressionist did not hesitate to place these traditional motifs next to factories and other signs of modernity in order to give as complete a vision as possible of their land. In their own way they were helping to celebrate the reconstruction of France that followed the Franco-Prussian War.

          【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

          1. The passage is primarily concerned with

            1. examining the reaction of nineteenth-century critics to French impressionist painting.

            2. analyzing the influence of French impressionists on modern landscape painting.

            3. pointing out certain negative effects of modernization and industrialization on French

          painting.

          D. discussing French impressionists’ use of traditional and innovative elements in landscape painting.

          E. explaining some of the reasons for the French impressionists’ lack of early success.


      2. Which of the following does that passage imply about the nineteenth-century reaction to French Impressionist landscape paintings?

        1. The majority of viewers regarded landscape as a relatively uninteresting genre of painting.

        2. Most viewers regarded the French Impressionists’ style and technique as innovative, but they found the subject matter to be conventional.

        3. The French impressionists’ failure to achieve wide acceptance was due to a widespread distrust of industrial progress.

        4. Even those favorable to the French Impressionists’ visual techniques deplored the painters’ new subject matter.

        5. Very few viewers appreciated the significance of the choice of subject matter in such paintings.


      3. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

      The passage suggests which of the following about French Impressionist painters of landscapes?


      1. They produced paintings with certain aspects that many of their contemporaries found shocking.

      2. They presented a more comprehensive image of their time and place than many of their contemporaries recognized.

      3. They incorporated into their paintings the sorts of pastoral images that were common in works by earlier artists.




      【2023 年 5 月新增题目】

      Passage 42 考频指数：5 星


      Upon maturity, monarch butterflies travel hundreds of miles from their places of origin and lay their eggs on milkweed. The caterpillars that emerge feed on milkweed and absorb the glycosides in milkweed sap. The specific glycosides present in milkweed differ from region to region within the monarch butterfly’s range. Since mature butterflies retain the glycosides, the glycosides in a mature monarch butterfly could be used to determine its place of origin.


      Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

      1. Mature monarch butterflies do not feed on parts of milkweed that contain glycosides.

      2. The glycosides in milkweed sap are slightly toxic to caterpillars of other species.

      3. The vast majority of the monarch butterflies that are laying eggs in a given region will have traveled there from a single region.

      4. There are substances other than glycosides in milkweed sap that accumulate in a monarch caterpillar and are retained in the body of the mature butterfly.

      5. There are certain glycosides that are found in the sap of all milkweeds, no matter where they grow within the monarch butterfly’s range.


      第三部分 数学高频题‌

      说明：由于影响中国学生 GRE 数学高分的主要还是难题，所以数学部分仅选取高频题中的难题，简单题和中等难度题基本不选。市面上出现的完整 GRE 套题当中的数学部分是几乎没有 hard 难度的题目的，所以大家使用的时候请正确评估自己的实际水平。


      1. When the positive integer w is divided by 13, the remainder is 1, and when w is divided by 15, the remainder is 14. Which of the following is a possible value for w?

        1. 14

        2. 17

        3. 29

        4. 40

        5. 44

          考频指数：4 星


      2. For the cars parked in a parking lot, the range of their odometer readings is 52,000 kilometers. Two of the odometer readings are 66,000 kilometers and 84,000 kilometers. Which of the following values could be the odometer reading, in kilometers, of one of the cars in the parking lot?【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        Indicate all such values.

        1. 10,000

        2. 30,000

        3. 60,000

        4. 90,000

        5. 120,000

        6. 140,000

          考频指数：4 星

      3. The units digit of 7n is r, and the units digit of 9n is t, where n, r, and t are positive integers. Which of the following could be the value of r+t?

        Indicate all such values

        1. 10

        2. 12

        3. 14

        4. 16

          考频指数：5 星


      4. Of the 120 first-semester students entering a certain college, 3/5 registered for a statistics class and 1/2 registered for a calculus class. Which of the following could be the number of first-semester students entering the college who registered for a

        statistics class but did not register for a calculus class？【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        Indicate a1l such numbers.


        1. 0

        2. 6

        3. 12

        4. 30

        5. 60

        6. 72

        7. 90

        考频指数：4 星


      5. A restaurant has a total of 16 tables, each of which can seat a maximum of 4 people. If 50 people were sitting at the tables in the restaurant, with no tables empty, what is the greatest possible number of tables that could be occupied by just 1 person?

        1. One

        2. Two

        3. Three

        4. Four

        5. Five

          考频指数：3 星


      6. The figure shows the standard normal distribution, with mean 0 and standard deviation 1, including approximate probabilities corresponding to the six intervals shown.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        The random variable Xis normally distributed with mean 140 and standard deviation 12.


        0.3

        0.3

        0.0

        0.1

        0.1

        0.0

        −2 −1 0 1 2

        Quantity A: P(125<x<131) Quantity B: P(152<x<158)

        考频指数：4 星


      7. A shop sells only two types of beverages: coffees and teas. If 36 percent of the shop's beverages are teas that have caffeine and 60 percent of the shop's teas have caffeine, what percent of the shop's beverages are coffees?

        1. 24%

        2. 30%

        3. 40%

        4. 50%

        5. 60%

          考频指数：3 星


      8. List Lconsists of the integers from 1 to 99 and two integers cand dsuch that c+ d

        = 100 and cd<0.


        Which of the following statements must be true？ Indicate all such statements.


        1. The average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers in Lis equal to the median of the numbers in L.

        2. The range of the numbers in Lis greater than 100.

        3. The range of the numbers in Lis less than 200.

        考频指数：4 星


      9. A circle in the xy-plane is given by the equation

        , where a, b,

        and care nonzero constants. If the point（b+ a，b−a）lies on the circle, which of the following is an equation of the tangent line to the circle at this point？

        A.


        B.


        C.


        D.


        E.

        考频指数：3 星



      10. 999999

        + 1000001)2

        Quantity A：(


        Quantity B：(3 999999 + 3 1000001)3


        考频指数：4 星

      11. For all positive even integers n. n* represents the product of all even integers from 2 to n, inclusive. For example, 12*=12×10×8×6×4×2. What is the greatest prime factor of 20*+22*?【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        1. 41

        2. 23

        3. 19

        4. 17

        5. 11

          考频指数：5 星


      12. In the distribution of measurements of the variable x, the mean is 56 and the measurement r lies between the 65th and 70th percentiles. In the distribution of measurements of the variable y, the mean is 56 and the measurement t lies between the 75th and 80th percentiles

        Quantity A：r

        Quantity B：t

        考频指数：5 星



      13. 0 < n < 107

        The integer n above is the square of an integer and the cube of an integer. If the ones digit of n is 5, what is the value of n?

        考频指数：5 星


      14. According to a tax rate formula for a certain year, the amount of tax owed by an individual whose annual income was between $31,850 and $77,100 was equal to a base tax of $4,386 plus 24 percent of the annual income that exceeded $31,850. According to this formula, what was the amount of tax owed by an individual whose annual income that year was $42,000?

        考频指数：3 星


      15. The probability that each toss of a certain coin will result in heads is 0.5. If the probability that n tosses of the coin will each result in heads is greater than 0.0002, what is the greatest possible value of n?

        考频指数：5 星


      16. Larry and Tony work for different companies. Larry’s salary is the 90th percentile of the salaries in his company, and Tony’s salary is the 70th percentile of the salaries in his company. Which of the following statements individually provide(s) sufficient additional information to conclude that Larry’s salary is higher than Tony’s salary? Indicate all such statements. 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        1. The average(arithmetic mean) salary in Larry’s company is higher than the average salary in Tony’s company.

        2. The median salary in Larry’s company is equal to the median salary in Tony’s company.

        3. The 80th percentile salary in Larry’s company is higher than the 70th percentile salary in Tony’s company.

          考频指数：4 星


      17. A right triangle has sides of length 2, 5, and x. A second right triangle has sides of length 4, 7, and y. A third right triangle has sides of length x, y, and n. Which of the following could be the value of n?

        1. 3

        2. 6

        3. 8

        4. 9

        5. 10

          考频指数：3 星


      18. A package contains between 75 and 100 marbles. When the marbles are divided into as many groups of 6 marbles as possible, the same number of marbles are left over as when the marble are divided into as many groups of 7 marbles as possible. Quantity A: The number of marbles in the package

        Quantity B: 80

        考频指数：4 星


      19. Two water faucets are used to fill a certain tank. Running individually at their respective constant rates, these faucets fill the empty tank in 12 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively. If no water leaves the tank, how many minutes will it take for both faucets running simultaneously at their respective rates to fill the empty tank?

        1. 16.0

        2. 10.5

        3. 8.0

        4. 7.5

        5. 6.0

          考频指数：4 星


      20. A research report states that the average (arithmetic mean) of 120 measurements was 72.5, the greatest of the 120 measurements was 92.8, and the range of the 120 measurements was 51.6.【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        The information given above is sufficient to determine the value of which of the following statistics?

        Indicate all such statistics.


        1. The least of the 120 measurements

        2. The median of the 120 measurements

        3. The standard deviation of the 120 measurements

        4. The sum of the 120 measurements

        考频指数：5 星


      21. A set consists of all three-digit positive integers with the following properties. Each integer is of the form JKL, whereJ,K,and L are digits; all the digits are nonzero; and the two-digit integers JKand KLare each divisible by 9. How many integers are in the set?

        1. 5

        2. 9

        3. 15

        4. 27

        5. 36

          考频指数：5 星

      22. If r, s, t, and u are positive integers such that (r+s)(t+u) is an odd integer and (r+s+t)(s+t+u) is an odd integer, which of the following statements must be true?

        1. s and t are both even.

        2. s and t are both odd.

        3. s is even and t is odd.

        4. s is odd and t is even.

        5. s is even if t is odd, and s is odd if t is even.

      考频指数：3 星


      a23. The repeating decimal 1.¯b, where a and b are different digits, is equivalent to the

      fraction n/d, where n and d are positive integers whose greatest common factor is 1. What is the greatest possible value of n+d?【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

      1. 296

      2. 297

      3. 298

      4. 299

      5. 301


      考频指数：4 星

      n

      1. Set D consists of the numbers of the form 1

        2


        , where n is an integer from 1 to 10.

        What is the hundredths digit in the decimal representation of the product of 8,000 and the sum of the numbers in D?

        A. 1

        B. 2

        C. 3

        D. 5

        E. 8

        考频指数：3 星


      2. List K consists of 5 different positive integers, each of which is less than or equal to 20. The range of the integers in K is 10. List M consists of 4 of the integers in K and another integer that is 2 times the remaining integer in K. Which of the following values could be the range of the 5 integers in M?【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        Indicate all such values.

        1. 8

        2. 15

        3. 30

          考频指数：4 星


      3. Let a be the greatest integer such that 5a is a factor of 1,500, and let b be the greatest integer such that 3b is a factor of 33,333,333. Which of the following statements are true?

        Indicate all such statements. A.

        B.

        C.


        考频指数：5 星


      4. In the xy-plane, line m passes through the point (7, 7) and is perpendicular to the line x+y =4. The point (a,b) is on line m and is halfway between the point (7, 7) and the line x+y=4. What is the value of a+b?

        1. 8

        2. 9

        3. 10

        4. 11

        5. 12

          考频指数：3 星


      5. Stations A, M and B are located along a certain train route, and Station M is between A and B. At noon, a train engine passed Station A traveling at a constant speed of 80 kilometers per hour toward Station B. Also at noon, another train engine passed Station B traveling at a constant speed of 60 kilometers per hour toward Station A. Both train engines passed Station M at the same time. What is the ratio of the distance along the route between Station A and M to the distance along the route between Station A and B?

        1. 1/4

        2. 3/7

        3. 1/2

        4. 4/7

        5. 3/4

          考频指数：3 星


      6. A large pump and a small pump deliver water into a tank at their respective constant rates. Working simultaneously, the two pumps take 6 hours to fill the empty tank. If each pump worked alone, then the amount of time that it takes the large pump to fill the empty tank is 2/3 of the amount of time that it takes the small pump to fill the empty tank. How many hours does it take the large pump, working alone, to fill

        the empty tank？【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        1. 15

        2. 12

        3. 10

        4. 8

        5. 5

          考频指数：4 星



      7. 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, …, 24

        The list above consists of 300 entries that are integers in increasing order, and each integer n occurs n times for 1≤n≤24. What is the least integer k in the list for which at least 15 percent of all the entries are less than k?

        1. 8

        2. 9

        3. 10

        4. 11

        5. 12

        考频指数：4 星


      8. A campaign director can divide the campaign workers into 10 or 11 teams. When the workers are divided into 11 teams, each of 10 of the teams has x workers and 1 team has 6 workers. When the workers are divided into 10 teams, each of 9 of the teams has x+1 workers and 1 team has 5 workers. How many campaign workers are there?

        1. 72

        2. 76

        3. 82

        4. 86

        5. 94

          考频指数：3 星


      9. The integer p is a prime number greater than 5, and 5 is a factor of p+p2. what is the remainder when p is divided by 5? 【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        A. 0

        B. 1

        C. 2

        D. 3

        E. 4

        考频指数：5 星


      10. In a certain university, 60 percent of all sophomores are liberal arts majors, 24 percent are education majors, and the rest are majoring in other areas or have not yet chosen a major. At the university, 55 percent of all sophomores are currently taking a psychology course. If x percent of all sophomores are liberal arts majors who are currently taking a psychology course, what is the least possible value of x?

        1. 15

        2. 16

        3. 31

        4. 36

        5. 40

          考频指数：3 星


      11. 从 1-1000（inclusive）的整数中随机选出一个数，求这个数当中至少含有 1

        个 6 的概率。（汉语回忆版）考频指数：5 星


      12. In a certain building in a business district, a newspaper service delivers 104 papers every day to its customers. Twice as many customers have 3 papers delivered each day as have one paper delivered, and three times as many customers have 2 papers delivered each day as have one paper delivered. If no customer has more than 3 papers delivered, then the number of customers who have 2 papers delivered each day is

        1. 16

        2. 18

        3. 20

        4. 22

        5. 24

          考频指数：4 星


      13. During archery practice, Kyle made 50 attempts to hit a target. After each attempt, his success rate was calculated as the number of successful attempts to hit the target as a percent of the number of attempts up to that time. After the 20th attempt, his success rate was 45 percent. After the 40th attempt, his success rate was 55 percent. Which of the following statements must be true?【微信公众号：张巍老师 GRE】

        Indicate all such statements.

        1. Kyle's success rate was less than 45 percent at least once during the practice.

        2. Kyle's success rate was between 48 percent and 52 percent at least once during the practice.

        3. Kyle's success rate was greater than 55 percent at least once during the practice.

          考频指数：5 星


      14. 在 1-2000（inclusive）整数中，求满足以下条件的数有多少个：这个数是某个整数的平方，这个数也是某个整数的立方。（汉语回忆版）

        考频指数：5 星


      15. 232 除以 3 的余数和 1 比较大小关系。（汉语回忆版）考频指数：5 星


      16. 有 6 个一模一样的球要放到 1-4 号杯子当中，每个杯子至少要保证有一个球，问总共有多少种放法？（汉语回忆版）

        考频指数：5 星


        【9 月新增题目】


      17. 慈善机构募捐，公司 B 在募捐善款的基础上追加捐钱，募集到的前 9000 元， B 公司针对每募捐到的 3 元追加 1 元，9000 之后募集到的善款，B 公司针对每募捐到的 5 元追加 2 元，问加上 B 公司的追加捐款，要筹集到 68000，慈善机构需


        募集多少钱？（汉语回忆版）考频指数：5 星


      18. 有一个梯形，上底和下底的长度分别是 3 和 9，两个斜边长度是 4 和 6，然后画一条平行于上下底的线段把梯形分成上下周长相等的两个梯形，问下边梯形的斜边之和。（汉语回忆版）

        考频指数：5 星


      19. The odds against the occurrence of an event are defined to be the ratio of the probability that the event will not occur to the probability that the event will occur. An integer is to be selected at random from the set of integers from k to n, where k＜n. The odds against the event that the integer selected will be an even integer are 1 to

        0.95. Which of the following could be the integers k and n, respectively?

        1. 13 and 33

        2. 14 and 33

        3. 15 and 33

        4. 16 and 55

        5. 17 and 55

        考频指数：3 星


      20. 一个 100 以内的质数，除以 5 余 2，除以 7 余 6，问除以 8 余几？（汉语回忆版）

        考频指数：4 星


        【10 月新增题目】


      21. The sum of three different positive integers is 11. Select two of the following statements that can identify the three numbers:

        1. None of those three can be 1

        2. None of those three can be 4

        3. None of those three can be 7

        4. None of those three can be 8

          考频指数：4 星


      22. Greg’s weekly salary is $187, which is 15 percent less than Karla’s weekly salary. If Karla’s weekly salary increases by 10 percent, by what percent must Greg’s weekly salary increase in order to equal Karla’s new weekly salary?


        Give your answer to the nearest tenth of a percent.

        考频指数：5 星


      23. Let n be a nonnegative integer such that when 6n is divided by 75, the remainder is

        30. Which of the following is a list of all possible remainders when 7n is divided by 75?

        1. 5, 35


        2. 10, 55

        3. 35, 60

        4. 5, 30, 55

        5. 10, 35, 60

        考频指数：4 星


      24. For what value of x does the standard deviation of the numbers in the list x, 6, 14, and 16 have the least value?

        1. 0

        2. 4

        3. 8

        4. 12

        5. 14

          考频指数：5 星


          【11 月新增题目】


      25. How many of the integers from 1 through 1,000, inclusive, are divisible by 5 or by 7 or by both 5 and 7?

        1. 28

        2. 142

        3. 200

        4. 314

        5. 342

          考频指数：4 星


      26. The three sides of triangle A is 6, 7 and m and the three sides of triangle B is 2, 13, and m, where m is an integer, what is the value of m?

        考频指数：4 星


      27. Two balls are to be randomly selected from a bag, one at a time and without replacement. The probability that the first ball selected will be red is 5/8. If the first ball selected is not red, the probability that the second ball selected will be red is 2/3. What is the probability that the first or the second ball selected will be red?

        Give your answer as a fraction.

        考频指数：4 星


        【12 月新增题目】


      28. 求 3100-397 的最大质因数是多少？

        考频指数：5 星


      29. Amy and Jed are among the 35 people, who are standing in a line, one behind the other, waiting to buy movie tickets. The number of people in front of Amy plus the


        number of people behind Jed is 24. If there are 15 people behind Amy, including Jed, how many people are in front of Jed?

        1. 23

        2. 25

        3. 27

        4. 29

        5. 31

          考频指数：5 星


          【2022 年 2 月新增题目】


      30. Of the people admitted to the emergency room in a hospital last week, 697 had medical insurance and 164 required hospitalization. Of those admitted, 592 had medical insurance but did not require hospitalization. How many of those admitted required hospitalization but did not have medical insurance?

        考频指数：4 星


      31. How many odd integers between 100 and 1,000 have a hundreds digit that is less than 4?

        1. 135

        2. 150

        3. 180

        4. 200

        5. 243

          考频指数：5 星


          【2022 年 3 月新增题目】


      32. 三台打印机 1，2，3，共同完成一项工作需要 9 小时，如果只有 2 和 3 工作，

        完成这项工作需要 12 小时，问如果只有 1 工作的话，完成这项工作需要多少时间。

        考频指数：4 星


        【2022 年 4 月新增题目】


      33. 5 个人坐一排，要求 president 必须坐正中间，请问一共有多少种坐法？考频指数：4 星


      34. If twice the sum of the positive integers x, y, and z is divided by 7, the remainder is 1. What is the remainder if the sum of x, y, and z is divided by 7?

        A. 0

        B. 1

        C. 2


        D. 3

        E. 4

        考频指数：4 星


      35. There are 24 consecutive positive integers and the arithmetic mean is 41.5. What is the least integer?

        考频指数：5 星


        【2022 年 5 月新增题目】


      36. 用 4，5，7，8，11 这 5 个数字随机选出 3 个数字来做为三角形三边的长度，问能够构成三角形的概率是多少？

        考频指数：5 星


      37. 车库里有卡车和四轮车，卡车是四轮车的占卡车的 2/5，四轮车是卡车的占四轮车的 1/3，问对于车库里的所有车，既是卡车又是四轮车的比例。

        考频指数：5 星


        【2022 年 6 月新增题目】


      38. One thousand people voted for candidate X and Y, and X got 9% more votes, how many votes did X get?

        考频指数：3 星


      39. 有 2 个蓝帽子，4 个白帽子，从这 6 个帽子中随机选出 2 个帽子，问 2 个帽子都是蓝帽子的概率。

        考频指数：4 星


        【2022 年 7 月新增题目】


      40. A certain distribution of 6 temperatures t1，t2，t3，t4，t5，t6 has a standard deviation of 2.14 degrees Celsius. Which of the following distribution of temperatures must also have a standard deviation of 2.14 degrees Celsius.


        Indicate all such distributions.


        1. -t1，-t2，-t3，-t4，-t5，-t6

        2. t1+4，t2+4，t3+4，t4+4，t5+4，t6+4

        3. 2t1，2t2，2t3，2t4，2t5，2t6

        4. t1^2，t2^2，t3^2，t4^2，t5^2，t6^2

          考频指数：4 星


      41. 24 个连续的整数的平均数是 41.5，问这 24 个数中最小数是多少？考频指数：

        4 星


        【2022 年 8 月新增题目】

      42. a 和 b 都是正整数，234a=b^2，问 b 最小是多少？考频指数：3 星


      43. n/2, n/3, n/4, n/5, n/6, n/8, n/9 都是正整数，问 n 的最小值是多少？考频指数：

        4 星


        【2022 年 9 月新增题目】

      44. Tickets for a carnival are sold either individually or in packages of 10 tickets or 20 tickets at the costs shown in the table. A group of friends bought n tickets for the least possible total cost. A second group of friends bought more than n tickets for a total cost that was less than the first group’s total cost. Which of the following could be the value of n?


        Number of Tickets

        Cost

        1

        $1.25

        10

        $11.00

        20

        $20.00

        Indicate all such values.


        A.8


        B.9


        C.11


        D.12


        E.16


        F.17


        G.18


        H.19

        考频指数：4 星



      45. The average (arithmetic mean) of 20 numbers is x. The average of 15 of these numbers is 8.4. If each of the 20 numbers is at least 0 and at most 10, which of the following must be true?


        1. 4.3≤x≤7.1

        2. 5.2≤x≤7.6

        3. 5.5≤x≤8.0

        4. 6.3≤x≤8.8

        5. 6.7≤x≤9.5

          考频指数：5 星


          【2022 年 10 月新增题目】


      46. A large cube consists of 216 small identical cubes.

        Quantity A: The number of small cubes that do not have a face that is part of a face of the large cube

        Quantity B: 64

        考频指数：4 星


      47. What is the remainder when 345, 6062 is divided by 20?

        考频指数：5 星


        【2022 年 11 月新增题目】


      48. 有两个箱子，第一个箱子有 7 支笔，其中有 4 支是红色；第二个箱子有 6 支

        笔，其中有 4 支是红色，请问从两个箱子各抽一个球，至少有一支是红色的概率是多少？

        考频指数：5 星


      49. a 和 b 都是正整数，250a+300b=5750，比较 a 和 b 的大小关系。考频指数：3 星


        【2022 年 12 月新增题目】

      50. a, b, c, d 都是 0-1 之间的实数，比较(a+b)(c+d)和 a+b(c+d)的大小关系考频指数：4 星


        【2023 年 1 月新增题目】

      51. Ann and Bill are each to take a portion of a pie Quantity A

        Ann’s portion if she gives Bill 1/4 of the pie and then takes 1/2 of the remainder for

        herself


        Quantity B

        Ann’s portion if she takes 1/2 of the pie and then gives Bill 1/6 of that half

        考频指数：4 星


        【2023 年 2 月新增题目】


      52. In a distribution of the values of the variable x, the 50th percentile is 48.5 and the 60th percentile is 56.5.

        Quantity A: The 40th percentile of the distribution of the values of x Quantity B: 40.5

        考频指数：4 星


      53. a, b, c, d, and e are five numbers.

        Quantity A: The standard deviation of a, b, c, d and e Quantity B: The standard deviation of a-2, b-1, c, d+1, e+2考频指数：5 星


        【2023 年 3 月新增题目】

      54. 把 0.27777777（7 循环）写成一个分数是多少？考频指数：4 星


        【2023 年 4 月新增题目】

      55. S={1,2,3}，T={1,2,3,4}

        Quantity A: The number of 4-digit positive integers that can be formed using only the digits in set S

        Quantity B: The number of 3-digit positive integers that can be formed using only the digits in set T

        考频指数：5 星


        【2023 年 5 月新增题目】

      56. X and y are integers greater than 1, and 7<xy<13. How many possible values can xy have？

        A. 3

        B. 4

        C. 5

        D. 6

        E. 7

        考频指数：4 星


        【2023 年 6 月新增题目】

      57. Ten tiles are to be placed in a horizontal row, as shown above. If each tile is either red or blue, how many different color patterns are possible?

      考频指数：4 星



      第四部分 写作高频题‌


      说明：以下题目都是在 2021 年中旬以来考试中至少出现过两次的超高频题目，请大家备考写作时重点复习这些篇目。题目前面的数字代表的是该题目在 ETS官方写作题库中的题号。


      Issue


      1. Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith theclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemost

      iseopmucyueohlgli/pdnoeanrbnroegcxetass m dha tion.


      13. Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developingandsupportingyour position,describespecificcircumstancesinwhich adoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhow theseexamplesshapeyourposition.


      16. The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith thestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingand supportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightor mightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.


      25. Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developingandsupportingyour position,describespecificcircumstancesinwhich adoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhow theseexamplesshapeyourposition.


      61. In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to


      regard any living man or woman as a hero.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith thestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingand supportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightor mightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.


      67. Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country. Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developingandsupportingyour position,describespecificcircumstancesinwhich adoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhow theseexamplesshapeyourposition.


      85. Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith thestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingand supportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightor mightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.


      88. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith theclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemost

      iseopmucyueohlgli/pdnoeanrbnroegcxetass m dha tion.


      122. Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.

      Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith theclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.


      138. Claim: Though often considered an objective pursuit, learning about the historical past requires creativity.

      Reason: Because we can never know the past directly, we must reconstruct it by imaginatively interpreting historical accounts, documents, and artifacts.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith theclaimandthereasononwhichtheclaimisbased.


      150. Claim: In any situation, the best way to persuade other people is to present them with facts and statistics rather than with emotional arguments.

      Reason: Facts are objective, so they are more persuasive than subjective appeals.


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewith theclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.


      15. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.


      Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.


      35. The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly

      different from people who lived in earlier times.


      126 Claim: While boredom is often expressed with a sense of self-satisfaction, it should really be a source of embarrassment.

      Reason: Boredom arises from a lack of imagination and self-motivation.

      Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.


      Argument


      4. The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.

      "A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night."


      Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsofthe argument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsand whattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.


      5. The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

      "Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine."


      Write a responsein which you discuss one or morealternative explanationsthat could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausiblyaccountforthefactspresentedintheargument.


      19. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of Parson City's local newspaper. "In our region of Trillura, the majority of money spent on the schools that most students attend — the city-run public schools — comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the budgetary priority they give to public education. For example, both as a proportion of its overall tax revenues and in absolute terms, Parson City has recently spent almost twice as much per year as Blue City has for its public schools — even though both cities have about the same number of residents. Clearly, Parson City residents place a higher value on providing a good education in public schools than Blue City residents do."


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


      24. The following report appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.

      "An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds represent the most frequently given reason for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid — a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil — as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


      38. The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

      "Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine. Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing butter and to increase profitability, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants in the southeast and northeast as well."


      Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredin ordertodecidewhethertherecommendationislikelytohavethepredictedresult.Be sure to explain howthe answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.


      47. The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice for a client.

      "Most homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last heating season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures, and climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. Furthermore, many new homes are being built in the region in response to recent population growth. Because of these trends, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."


      Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsofthe argument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsand whattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.


  54. A recent study reported that pet owners have longer, healthier lives on average than do people who own no pets. Specifically, dog owners tend to have a lower incidence of heart disease. In light of these findings, Sherwood Hospital should form a partnership with Sherwood Animal Shelter to institute an adopt-a-dog program. The program would encourage dog ownership for patients recovering from heart disease, which should reduce these patients' chance of experiencing continuing heart problems and also reduce their need for ongoing treatment. As a further benefit, the publicity about the program would encourage more people to adopt pets from the shelter. And that will reduce the incidence of heart disease in the general population.


    Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsofthe


    argument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsand whattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.


  55. The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a large, highly diversified company.

"Ten years ago our company had two new office buildings constructed as regional headquarters for two regions. The buildings were erected by different construction companies — Alpha and Zeta. Although the two buildings had identical floor plans, the building constructed by Zeta cost 30 percent more to build. However, that building's expenses for maintenance last year were only half those of Alpha's. In addition, the energy consumption of the Zeta building has been lower than that of the Alpha building every year since its construction. Given these data, plus the fact that Zeta has a stable workforce with little employee turnover, we recommend using Zeta rather than Alpha for our new building project, even though Alpha's bid promises lower construction costs."


Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredin ordertodecidewhethertherecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbased arereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelpto evaluatetherecommendation.


62. The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food distribution company with food storage warehouses in several cities.

"Recently, we signed a contract with the Fly-Away Pest Control Company to provide pest control services at our fast-food warehouse in Palm City, but last month we discovered that over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. Meanwhile, the Buzzoff Pest Control Company, which we have used for many years, continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage. Even though the price charged by Fly-Away is considerably lower, our best means of saving money is to return to Buzzoff for all our pest control services."


Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


162. According to an independent poll of 200 charitable organizations, overall donations of money to nonprofit groups increased last year, but educational institutions did not fare as well as other organizations. Donations to international aid groups increased the most (30 percent), followed by donations to environmental groups (23 percent), whereas donations to educational institutions actually decreased slightly (3 percent). Meanwhile, all of the major economic indicators suggest that consumer spending is higher than average this year, showing that potential donors have ample disposable income. Therefore, the clearest explanation for the decline in


donations to educational institutions is that people actually value education less than they did in the past.


Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.


159. Of the two leading real estate firms in our town — Adams Realty and Fitch Realty — Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.


28. The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

"Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine. Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing butter and to increase profitability, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants in the southeast and northeast as well."

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.